negative transfer

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on negative transfer. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality negative transfer paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in negative transfer, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your negative transfer paper at affordable prices !



Negative Transfer of English Articles in Compositions of Chinese EFL Learners


In learning an L, learners are inevitably subject to the influences of their NL, which we term as language transfer. Some influences are quite facilitative to their learning, while others are error causing. In analyzing my data of collected errors from the 60 compositions made by a group of 0 adult EFL learners, the misuse of the English articles is strikingly frequent. In correcting those compositions, I am greatly inspired to find out the deep cause accounting for such misuses and to give some theoretic explanations to it. And my efforts result in this paper, which is expected to a little bit helpful for the Chinese EFL learners.


1.classification and description


According to Corder, errors can be grouped into four categories, namely omission of some required element, addition of some unnecessary or incorrect element, selection of an incorrect element and misordering of the correct elements. Errors of articles can also be categorized in this way, exemplified respectively as follows


Custom Essays on negative transfer


a. Omission


In past two years, I have learned some English, but it is not enough.


Intended meaning ¹ýÈ¥Á½ÄêÖÐ,Î��§ÁË��Ð��¢�ïµ��¶�¶²�¹�.


Reconstruction In the past two years, I have learned some English, but it not enough.


b. Addition


I have a great difficulty in English grammar.


Intended meaning Î��Ú�¢�ï�ï·¨·½ÃæÀ§Ä�½Ï�ó.


Reconstruction I have great difficulty in English grammar.


c. Selection


After he has heard good news, he was very happy.


Intended meaning ÌýÁËÕâ¸öºÃÏ�Ï¢Ë�ºÜ¸ßÐË.


Reconstruction after he has heard the good news, he was very happy.


d. Misordering


Other the two qualifications are respectively loyalty and intelligence.


Intended meaning ÁíÍâÁ½ÌõËØÖÊÊÇÖ�³ÏºÍÖÇ�Û.


Reconstruction the other two qualifications are respectively loyalty and intelligence.


Among all the collected 54 errors of English articles, 140 ones belong to the category of omission (approximately 55%); ones belong to addition (approximately 1%); 7 ones belong to selection (approximately %); and only 8 ones belong to disordering (approximately %).


Viewed in another way, errors can also be classified as pre-systematic, systematic and post-systematic.


Pre-systematic is a stage of random guessing when the learner is only vaguely aware that the target language has a particular system that is totally different from his NL. Therefore, he makes mistakes in most cases when this particular system is needed. Even though he occasionally hits the right form by chance, he doesn¡¯t know he is right. There is no such kind of errors in my data because all the informants have got certain knowledge of the English articles.


The stage of systematic is one when the learner has some idea about the particularity but occasionally he makes mistakes all the same. He has known the particular system but not yet learnt it. For example


Original form I like him not only because he was excellent in teaching, but also because he was excellent in the other respects.


Corrected form I like him not only because he was excellent in teaching, but also because he was excellent in other respects.


For the post-systematic errors, the learner just makes them by chance. This kind of errors are very near to what we call mistakes. For example


Original form In that school, the good teachers are very few.


Corrected form In that school, good teachers are very few.


This picture serves as a first approximation, yet it is to some extent supported by empirical evidence. If the learner is asked to correct his own error and he can give the correct form and explain what is wrong, we may treat his error as post-systematic; if he cannot correct it but can give some explanation of what he is aiming at or trying to do, i.e. he has simply overlooked or forgotten to apply a rule known to him, we consider his error as systematic; and if he can neither correct his own error nor explain it, then his error is pre-systematic, when he has not yet realized that there is such a system in the L. Corder gives a table to illustrate such distinctions





Error-type Correction possible Explanation possible


Pre-systematic No No


Systematic No Yes


Post-systematic Yes Yes


Figure error types (from Corder with little modification)


Guided by these criteria, errors in my data are statistically analyzed as


None is pre-systematic; 10 of the total 54 are systematic, covering approximately 40%; and 15 ones are post-systematic, approximately 60% of the total.


Thus, as a statistic summary of the data analysis, we can draw a table like the following


Error type Class one Class two


Omission Addition Selection Disorder-


ing Pre-sys-


tematic Syste-


matic Post-sys-


Tematic


percentag 55% 1% % % 0% 40% 60%


. Linguistic and psychological explanation


Error descriptions of the above sorts imply the various degrees of seriousness of various errors of articles, but they are too superficial and have little explanatory power and have little value to teachers or learners. Both want to know to what the error is evidence for instead of the errors themselves. In the following sections, we are to found out the implied causes of such errors, linguistic as well as psychological.


.1 Terminology


In Rod Ellis words, transfer is to be seen as a general cover term for a number of different kinds of influence¡±, resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously (and perhaps imperfectly) acquired. Transfer may be both positive and negative. Positive transfer is transfer of a skill X that facilitates the learning and thus has a positive influence on the command of a skill Y because of similarities between them two. Negative transfer, or inference, is transfer of a skill X that impedes the learning and thus has a negative influence in the command of a skill Y because of the differences between them two.


Another distinction is also made between pro-active and retro-active transfer. The former refers to the transfer of existing skills onto the new skills, while the latter refers to the transfer of new skills onto the existing skills. Thus we have four kinds of transfer, as shown in the following table by Theo van Els et al


Positive transfer Negative transfer


Pro-active transfer Pro-active facilitation Pro-active interference


Retro-active transfer Retro-active facilitation Retro-active interference


Fig. 1 four types of transfer


Errors of negative transfer cover a very high percentage of all errors in the L learning process. Tran-Chi-Chau reports that 51% errors are results of negative transfer in adult Chinese-speaking learners¡¯ L English. When we come to the English articles in particular, the problem is much more serious. According to Towell and Richard (1414), even some native Chinese who have stayed in the United States over five years are still apt to committing mistakes when using the articles. Statistically, 70% of their total uses of the articles are unfortunately wrong. Taylor also holds this view, who writes¡± There is some evidence that, for adult learners at least, interference phenomena are most frequent in the first stages of the L learning process.¡±


As for the data collected by myself, all the errors (except some occasional mistakes) can be safely categorized into errors of negative transfer. Later we will discuss this in details.


. As we have discussed just now, L learners are apt to be influenced by their NL. As Corder writes¡± It is generally maintained, and I have assumed up to now, that many errors show signs of the influence of the mother tongue or other language possessed by the learner.¡± This is especially true in compositions, in which the F learners, especially in their early stage, inevitably think in their NL and transfer their ideas into the target language. When the transfer is negative, errors result. This is especially so when the systems are semantically equivalent but not superficially so in form. To the English articles, unfortunately, there are no forms in Chinese corresponding. Therefore, such a transfer will always be negative. Consider the following examples


Intended idea �Ú¹ýÈ¥Á½ÄêÀï,Î�ŬÁ¦�§Ï°�¢�ï.


English realization In past two years, I studied English very hard.


Reconstruction In the past two years, I studied English very hard.


Intended idea Î�×îϲ�¶Î�¸ßÖеÄ�ïÎÄÀÏʦ.


English realization I like best my Chinese teacher in middle school.


Reconstruction I like best my Chinese teacher in the middle school.


Intended idea Î�Ìýµ½ÁË�ð³µµÄÉù��.


English realization I heard sound of train.


Reconstruction I heard the sound of the train.


Even some cases where articles are incidentally correct, the transfer is a negative one. The following example demonstrates this paradox


Intended idea Î�¼á³Öÿ�¶Á��±¾�¢ÎÄС˵.


English realization I keep on reading an English novel every month.


¡°��±¾¡± in Chinese and ¡°an¡± in English are not equivalents at all. The former denotes the concept of number, whose English equivalent should be ¡°one¡± in the strict sense. While the latter is an English mark denoting the concept of indefiteness. This case is a kind of ¡°negative transfer with accidental positive effects¡±.


Some argue that the errors of articles discussed in this paper are not cases of negative transfer on the grounds that Chinese does not have articles, so there is nothing to transfer. Clearly, though, the absence of a structural feature in the NL may have as much impact on the L as the presence of a different feature. L learners just transfer the vacancy into the target language where should be some linguistic elements and cause errors, which are categorized as errors of omission. This is why errors of omission occur so frequently as to cover a percentage of 55% of the total.


. psychological explanation


We shall take the indefinite article to further our discussion in a psychological way.


When a Chinese learner tries to master the indefinite article, he may be faced with many examples like ¡°At that time, I was working in a factory¡± and ¡°This poem was written by a student¡±, which under the influence of his NL, he conveniently and correctly translates into ¡°ÄÇʱÎ��Ú��¼�¹¤³§¹¤×÷¡± and ¡°ÕâÊ×Ê�ÊÇ��¸ö�§ÉúÐ�µÄ¡±. Then he assumes that Chinese ¡°��¡± is the very equivalent for English indefinite article ¡°a(n)¡±, which is not true linguistically.


Then when he is to express the idea of ¡°Ë�ÄÃÆð��±¾��Ö¾¿ªÊ¼¿�ÆðÀ�¡±, he just translates it into English as ¡°he picked up a magazine and began to read¡±. He gets a sentence quite all right.¡±��¡± and ¡°a¡± correspond to each other quite well. So his assumption that ¡±��¡± in Chinese and ¡°a(n)¡± in English are cognates to express a universal linguistic concept is further reinforced.


On another occasion, then, he likes to express the idea of ¡°Õâ¸ö¹ÃÄïÏÖ�Ú³ÉÁ˹¤³ÌʦÁË¡±. He is very likely to put it as ¡°this peasant girl has now become engineer¡±. No English indefinite article is employed before ¡°engineer¡± because its ¡°equivalent¡± ¡°��¡± is not present. Thus the error results. So the learner has undergone the following stages of mental process


L output


L1 equivalents


L input


No L1 equivalents








Ideas to be expressed


Fig. 4 mental process of negative transfer








. Conclusion


This paper is mainly focused on the description and explanation of misused English articles in Chinese learners¡¯ compositions. However, our interest does not and should not end here. Corder claims that there are three goals to achieve in analyzing errors. In the first place, they tell the teacher what the learner has already learned and what remains to be learned. In the second place, an analysis of errors provides to the researcher much information of how the target language is learned and what strategies or procedures the learner is employing to gain the command of certain language points about the target language. In the third place, the making of errors ¡°is a way the learner has of testing his hypotheses about the nature of the language he is learning¡±.


Therefore, errors provide much feedback, theoretical as well as practical. On the theoretical level, they give the teacher rich linguistic data to theorize the nature of the target language. Practically, they tell the teacher something about the effectiveness of his teaching and guide some remedial activities. As to our topic, English article in particular, the study of errors will certainly give us some hints of where the difficulty lies and what is most error-causing. Therefore, the teacher can take some remedial teaching methods in advance when he is to teach English articles.


Bibliography


1.Rod Ellis, The Study of Second Language Acquisition, Oxford University Press, 14.


.S. Pit Corder, Introducing Applied Linguistics, Penguin Books Ltd, 17.


.Theo van Els et al, Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages


4.ÀÖü�Æ£¬Applied Linguistics, Nanjing University Press


5.ÕŵÀÕ棬A Practical English Grammar, Íâ�ï½Ì�§���о¿³ö°æÉ磬15¡£


6£®ÖìÖж¼£¬�¢�ïÐ�×÷Öеĺº�︺Ǩ�Æ£¬½â·Å¾üÍâ�ï�§�º�§±¨£¨£�£¬1¡£





Please note that this sample paper on negative transfer is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on negative transfer, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on negative transfer will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

impressions

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on impressions. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality impressions paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in impressions, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your impressions paper at affordable prices !



The impression that you give others means everything; it can be a factor in relationships, job placements and promotions, as well as in your personal well-being. It is not always easy to make a good impression. There are many factors that will determine the impression that you give to others. Your first meeting with someone is very critical to a lasting impression. Always be ready to give a good impression, whether you are going on a date or just going grocery shopping.


First impressions are very vital to your success. Three different aspects that help to determine a first impression are they are body language, tone of voice, and what you say. Body language consists of a lot of different things such as having a good, firm handshake, making eye contact, having good posture, and smiling. Tone of voice is the way that you say what you say. The words that you say are also important; do not pretend to be something that you are not.


After you make a good first impression it is very important to keep it. This can be done by being punctual and having a good appearance. If you are punctual, others will know that you are dependable. You should also dress appropriately, do not wear clothes that do not properly fit you. Appearance is key in all situations; for example you would not go to a baseball game in formal attire.


Attitude is an important part of what determines how others perceive you. A good attitude makes all the difference. People are more likely to want to be around someone that has a good attitude rather than someone with a bad or negative attitude. The way that others perceive you can determine your future. A good attitude gives a good impression and help you to achieve your goals. Likewise, a bad attitude could be the determining factor in whether you get a job you want or the date you want.


Buy impressions term paper


Impressions are very important; your impression will either help you or hinder you. I believe firmly that the factors in this paper can help you form a good impression. Attitude, appearance, punctuality, body language, tone of voice, and what you say will determine the impression that you give to others. The impression that you make is up to you.











Please note that this sample paper on impressions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on impressions, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on impressions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

The Deadly Lottery

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Deadly Lottery. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Deadly Lottery paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in The Deadly Lottery, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your The Deadly Lottery paper at affordable prices !



The Deadly Lottery


“The Lottery” is a short story by Shirley Jackson. Every year this village has a lottery on June 7th. The only problem is that the winner gets stoned to death. Also, to much surprise everyone comes to participate with no questions why they are even still having such a thing. “The Lottery” can be analyzed by examining the elements of irony, symbolism, point of view, and theme.


Several things in this story are ironic. First, the title itself is ironic. Usually when someone thinks of a lottery they think about money or other good prizes, not dying. Another ironic thing is that the village was in a great season. The day is described as “The morning of June 7th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day; the flowers were blossoming provusely and the grass was richly green.” By that statement we can infer that the village was having a prosprous year. Usually when times are tough people seem to get mad and then maybe someone might die. It’s hard to believe with everything going so well that they would want to kill someone. Lastly, Mrs. Hutchinson was so busy doing the dishes the morning of the lottery that she was a few minutes late to the lottery. Its ironic that she was more worried about leaving dirty dishes that she was about dying, especially since she was the one who was picked.


The black box is a symbol in “The Lottery.” The black box is a symbol of their tradition of having the lottery. Both the box and the tradition are old. The box is faded, worn, splintering, and contained a piece of the original box. The tradition itself has lost a few formalities, they no longer said a chant, and a ritual salute was no longer practiced. The story connects the two by saying “Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones.” Even though the box is worn and the ritual changed it still happens every year.


Write your The Deadly Lottery research paper


The story is told in the omniscient point of view. Using a third person point of view is important in “The Lottery” so that the reader can read the story without personal feelings added. The narrator tells the story with no emotions or value judgments. Even though the narrator does not give an opinion he lets the reader hear characters in the story opinions’, for example when Mr. Adams tells Old Man Warner “That over in the north village they’re talking of giving up the lottery.” The narrator lets the reader know that some people in the village think that maybe they should do away with the lottery without putting personal feelings in it. The story would also not be the same for instance if Mrs. Hutchinson was telling the story because then there would be no surprise at the end. She would let us know from the start what the lottery is and how unfair it is. Using this point of view it leaves it up to the reader to form his or her own judgments about the lottery.


The theme of the story is that people can accept any horrible thing as long as they think it is normal. Throughout history people have been racist, killed people because of religion, race, or power. In those instances people did not think there was anything wrong for a long period of time. When something is taught and is learned then people do not question it. Its human nature that people are creatures of habit. It is hard for people to accept change. The people in the village did not think that there was anything wrong with having the lottery. No one tried to stop the lottery or save Mrs. Hutchinson. Even her husband and her children showed no emotion knowing that she was about to die. By that we see that tradition really does blind people to seeing the harshness of reality. People also look up to older and wiser people in a community. Old Man Warner was the oldest man in the village and had participated in seventy-seven lotteries. When Mr. Adams told him about how another village was talking of doing away with the lottery he responded by saying “Pack of crazy fools.” Obviously Old Man Warner was not interested in giving up the tradition. For change usually to occur there needs to be a leader and there is not anyone who is strongly in favor of doing away with the lottery in this village.


By examining irony, symbolism, point of view, and theme one can gain a better understanding of “The Lottery.” Looking back at the story one can see how very ironic the story is. It is such a shock to learn how this lottery is actually the killing of someone. This act is so horrifying yet no one seems to question why he or she is still participating. This shows us how strong our traditions can influence are decisions. The theme can relate to most of us, and how we accept what was taught to us.





Please note that this sample paper on The Deadly Lottery is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Deadly Lottery, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Deadly Lottery will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Forbidden Love

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Forbidden Love. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Forbidden Love paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Forbidden Love, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Forbidden Love paper at affordable prices !



The idea of unrequited love is something that has spanned the ages. From Shakespeares Olivian and Cesario/Viola to the modern day love affair between Buffy and Angel, love unreciprocated or even worse, forbidden, is a tragic theme that has befallen many hearts.


In William Shakespeares Twelfth Night, the author sets in motion a series of relationshiops that seemed doomed from the very start. Shipwrecked Viola pines for Duke Orsino who longs for Olivia who completes this messy triangle by setting her sights on Cesario.


Duke Orsinos love is apparent from the beginning of the play. He enjoys the feeling of being in love and craves more of it proclaiming give me excess of it (). Almost immediately after stating his love for Olivia, the duke is told by his servant Valentine that Olivia doesnt have time for love because she is mourning her dead brother. Orsinos love is shot down, yet he refuses to give up. The duke refuses to believe that his love will not be returned by Olivia by going on to say that if Olivia is showing undying love and devotion to a dead sibling, just imagine the kind of love she would be capable of when Cupid hath killed the flock of all affections else (5). He really believes Olivia will not refuse him.


Refuse his love is exactly what Olivia does. She tells Cesario I cannot love him (44). Olivia tells Cesario to go let Orsino know that she wont love him and tells Cesario not to come back unless it is with word of how Orsino reacts to Olivias message. Olivia subtly hints that shed like to see Cesario again, her newfound amourous feelings further rejecting Orsinos affections.


Buy Forbidden Love term paper


Violas love for the duke may be the ultimate example of unrequited love in Twelfth Night. Viola knows right from the start that the object of her desire is in love with someone else. Its almost as if shes determined to set herself up for the fall, the disappointment. At least Orsino and Olivia believe they have somewhat of a chance with the person theyre in love with, but Viola knows, is fully aware that the duke has feelings for Olivia.


Viola goes on to tell Olivia that if she loved Olivia with the same passion as Orsino, she wouldnt understand why Olivia would reject her or that type of love. Make me a willow at your cabin gate (55) Viola says, a willow cabin being a symbol of rejected love. She would write and then sing songs of rejected love to Olivia and her sorrowful voice would be heard throughout the hills crying Olivias name. But it isnt Olivia that Viola is in love with. Its Orsino. Maybe this diatribe about a willow cabin is in fact meant to be spoken to Orsino and only said to Olivia because Viola is a messenger. Viola really wants to say all this stuff to Orsino. She wants to tell him that SHE will be the one to wallow in misery in the dead of night (58).


Olivias feelings for Cesario prove unrequited as well. She isnt aware that Cesario is in fact a woman, so she doesnt seem as pitiful as Orsino or Viola. At least Olivia is in love with the correct sex (in appearance anyway) and Cesario doesnt come right out and reject Olivias feelings. Even though Olivias love is unrequited, she doesnt realize it. She marries the person she believes is Cesario. As far as she can tell, her rightful husband is Cesario, not Sebastian.


Love is an ancient emotion felt since the beginning of man and woman. Love can brim unmeasurable joy and unspeakable pain. That pain is often the end result when one person expresses feelings for another and finds their feelings have fallen on deaf ears. Unrequited love may be the product of disguise as in Viola/Cesarios case. Whether talking about the comedic antics of Shakespeares Olivia and Cesario, or the sappy story of the WBs Dawson and Joey, unrequited love is a theme that runs its course from the very beginning of time and may in fact survive as long as the heart can break.


Please note that this sample paper on Forbidden Love is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Forbidden Love, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Forbidden Love will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Leadership

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Leadership. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Leadership paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Leadership, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Leadership paper at affordable prices !



As a student who has been really involved and seen many different styles of leadership and different techniques used, my definition of what leadership means may be different from that of another individual. It is my understanding that leadership is a position for someone with the ability to teach or give guidance and direction to others. In order to show leadership you, yourself must be a leader and demonstrate good leadership skills. As an individual you must care about others, be a positive motivator, not be afraid of a challenge, be able to resolve conflicts, respect others opinions, be influential, be a good public speaker, lead by example, be respected by others, make good decisions, be a powerful teacher, and set goals and achieve them. Group leaders need to have all these skills as well as, teamwork, recognize groups needs, and encourage participation from everyone. When discussing leadership I believe there are important aspects to consider like, the importance of working together, past and present leader who have changed the world, and the impact that leadership has on our society.


If you consider the importance of teamwork, you can see how much everyone benefits


from working together. Teamwork enhances success, promotes creativity, builds confidence among everyone; also it is fun and reduces tension and conflicts. When people work together it improves quality, coordination, satisfaction, and flexibility. Leadership skills also need to be enforced when using teamwork because everyone has to work together equally and stay on task. Teamwork helps because it involves other people, you get more input from others to help make decisions, and you better develop individual performances. This does not mean that teamwork is the best solution for everything because some things need to be done individually, but part of being a leader is involving others because without followers you would not be an impressive leader.


Martin Luther King, Mother Teresa, Pope John Paul, Pierre Trudeau, Winston Churchill, Michael Jordan, Mayor Guiliani are all names of past and present leaders. These people play or played a big part in peoples lives because they have all the characteristics of a great leader and have worked really hard to help others. When you watch, read or listen to old documentaries about Martin Luther King, you cannot help but be amazed at what a powerful speaker he was. He had all the characteristics that a leader should have. His powerful words and motivational speaking captivated many people, and that was what African American’s in those days wanted was someone they could follow and be behind. He was best known for being an advocate of non-violent social change strategies. He believed in civil rights and he had a dream that everyone one day would be equal. Without people like him and many others, there would be no change in the world and we would be that much further away from finding peace. People would feel lost and things would be slightly chaotic without leaders and there will always be controversies amongst people because they have different beliefs but who would we look up to and what would the world be like without leaders?


Order Custom Leadership paper


In our society, the importance of leadership is obvious. Students especially need guidance and direction which we get from teachers and our parents. Leaders in our community are people like teachers, coaches, parents, older siblings, priests, and councillors. Everyone has to have someone they can look up to or turn to when they are in need. Most of them teach us the right paths to go down and we learn from them. Without leadership in our society, we would have to be more independent and teach ourselves everything there is to know, which would not work out very well. When we get out of line to some extent there is always someone there telling us how to get back on the right track and without the people that help us we would keep on going down hill. Without leaders we would not have groups or activities to get involved in and I think people take for granted all the things that others do for us.


In conclusion there are many aspects to leadership, for instance what it is and means. We all have experience with good and bad leadership. It may be a teacher or a boss at work. You can learn to be a better leader by thinking about what you have done right or wrong. As long as you know that no one is perfect and your goal is to achieve success. I think being a good leader is important because you gain respect, become involved, and learn how to handle challenging situations. It is also important to indicate to those who are good leaders when they are doing a good job and encouraging them to keep up the good work so they know that they are helping. Support from everyone and good teamwork will benefit all.

















Please note that this sample paper on Leadership is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Leadership, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Leadership will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Ice Cream Orgy

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Ice Cream Orgy. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Ice Cream Orgy paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Ice Cream Orgy, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Ice Cream Orgy paper at affordable prices !



“Ice Cream Orgy”


I attended a floor meeting in Wright Hall concerning not only the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse, but also the harmful effects of practicing unprotected sexual relations with partners. It was called an “Ice Cream Orgy,” due in part to the fact that when asked a trivia question over the subject matter, and answered correctly, one would receive the prize of making their own ice cream sundae with the supplies provided. These supplies and trivia questions were provided and created in advance by two of the RA’s of our dorm, one of which happened to be my own RA, Emily, from the 4th floor. In fact, she was the one who urged my friends and I to attend, and we did despite our doubts.


Once it began, however, I was pleasantly surprised how fun and actually interesting it turned out to be. It was an exceptional plan to incorporate the idea of a game with the educating of students over important life-impacting subject matter, and how we should use precautions to protect ourselves from the risky effects that go along with being irresponsible. An extensive amount of frightening statistics, illnesses, and tragic circumstances were brought to my attention that I never before would have given much thought to being cautious about before. I mean who would have thought that 5% of all college females, that’s one in FOUR have STD’s, and 75% of them go without being aware of the disease that they will very likely be carrying for the rest of their lives. Much the same, by not practicing protected sex, and knowing the past of your partner, you are putting your own life and the life of your partner in danger. It all boils down to being careful and responsible whether drinking or being involved in sexual relations to ensure the safety of yourself and the others involved. In the end, condoms were available for anyone who wanted them, and as you can imagine, all the guys rushed up to get as many as possible...it was really fun and wasn’t anything like I expected and now I am very glad that I decided to attend.





Order Custom Essay on Ice Cream Orgy


Please note that this sample paper on Ice Cream Orgy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ice Cream Orgy, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Ice Cream Orgy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Thoreau Vs. Emerson

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Thoreau Vs. Emerson. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Thoreau Vs. Emerson paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Thoreau Vs. Emerson, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Thoreau Vs. Emerson paper at affordable prices !



Thoreau Vs. Emerson


Transcendentalism is a newly founded belief and practice that involves man’s interaction with nature, and the idea that man belongs to a universal spirit known as the oversoul. This idea inspired new ways of thinking among many individuals. Two leaders of this era were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. These two, whom were good friends and roommates during college, shared many common ideas. The two authors, over time, developed nearly identical ideas of transcendentalism and very similar styles of writing. While both writers include ideas of nature, conformity, individualism, and the pressures of society, they also share many differences in their ways of developing and expressing their feelings.


During Thoreau and Emerson’s exploration of their new ideas, they both developed many of the same ideas. They shared an objection to conformity and both strongly supported individualism. If somebody has something to say, they should say what’s on their minds then and there. Emerson shows his opinion of those that aren’t open to new ideas when he states in Self-Reliance, “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.” In this quote, Emerson wants people to realize that people change their minds for various reasons, and that they shouldn’t be stubborn and unchanging. Henry David Thoreau agrees with this same idea when, in the “Conclusion” to Walden, he says, “Say what you have to say, not what you ought. Any truth is better than make believe.” While both believe in expressing one’s self, they both agree that everyone has their own opinions and it doesn’t do any good to just repeat somebody else’s thoughts.


Although both did primarily relate transcendentalism to nature, Thoreau chose to use his new ideas to change his own life, while Emerson instead decided to inspire others to explore. They differed in that Thoreau chose to live out his writings. He experimented by living with nature during the writing of one of his main works, Walden. In Thoreau’s quote from the Conclusion of Walden, “I learned this, at least, by my experiment; that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours”, he expresses his willingness to go out into the wilderness and live up to his ideas being presented. Thoreau takes action from his beliefs and therefore writes in first person perspective, while Emerson, who keeps to a more ordinary city lifestyle, directs his pieces to an audience and tries to express a point. Emerson shows his distinctly outside view when he says in the beginning of Self-Reliance, “Accept the place the diving providence has found for you.” (64). Although both authors do write about nearly identical ideas and beliefs, Thoreau takes more action in going out and living in nature and performing the tasks that he has written of.


Buy Thoreau Vs. Emerson term paper


While the two authors share many common ideas such as conformity, individualism, and peoples obligation to express what is on their minds, they do differ in their writing style and their reasons for writing about transcendentalism. While Emerson writes to get a point across to the public in a third person perspective, Thoreau writes more in first person in a more narrative style because he actually acted out many of his teachings. Of all of their similarities and differences, Thoreau states the main backing of all of their ideas presented when he states in “The Conclusion” of Walden, “However mean your life is, meet it and live it; do not shun it and call it hard names.” As being the two most popular transcendentalists of their time, they both agree on the main ideas of transcendentalism.





Please note that this sample paper on Thoreau Vs. Emerson is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Thoreau Vs. Emerson, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Thoreau Vs. Emerson will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Acne: A Disorder of the Skin

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Acne: A Disorder of the Skin. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Acne: A Disorder of the Skin paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Acne: A Disorder of the Skin, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Acne: A Disorder of the Skin paper at affordable prices !



Acne - A Disorder of the Skin


Acne is a disorder of the skin. The skin is the bodys largest organ. Acne is


caused by a disorder of the skins oil glands, which are called sebaceous glands. It


also is affected by the hair follicles and the lining surrounding them, which is known as


Order Custom Essay on Acne: A Disorder of the Skin


the pilosebaceous units. There are different types of acne. Cystic acne is a severe


form of acne. The two major types of acne are non-inflammatory and inflammatory. In


non-inflammatory, the skin has a few whiteheads and black heads on the skin surface


(see chart for diagrams). In inflammatory acne, the skin has inflamed whiteheads,


pimples, and pustules. In the most severe form, cystic acne, cysts and scars form on


the skin surface.


Acne is classified as a disease of the pilosebaceous glands. It usually starts


during puberty in adolescents, and tends to be caused by a number of factors, including


heredity, hormones, skin condition (oiliness), bacteria, and blockage of the skin


follicles. Acne can be affected by hormones in the body. The hormones known as


androgens, which are the sex hormones in males, increase the sebaceous glands


activity. This hormone is produced in both males and females, but girls produce 1/10


as much, which is why teenage acne is more severe in males. Females produce the


hormone estrogen, which block the effects of the androgens on the oil glands. Of these


counteracting hormones the androgens are dominant, which can cause acne. In


people with and without acne the amount of hormones in their bodies are normal, so the


glands may react differently in people who have acne. Acne can also be caused


clogged skin cells, cosmetics, and certain medical procedures and maturity, such as


menopause or the removal of the ovaries in women. This can cause acne because the


estrogen released by ovaries is less, causing androgens to affect the oil glands and


cause new acne.


Mild acne is sometimes treated with over-the-counter drugs. Benzoyl peroxide


and salicylic acid are the two major topical medicines used for acne. Medicated soaps


and cleansers are also used to clear up mild acne. If the over-the-counter drugs do not


work, some individuals go to the skin doctor, a dermatologist. The doctor may


prescribe a topical or oral medication to clear up the acne. Tetracycline and other


cycline drugs are oral drugs prescribed for acne. They reduce the amount of bacteria


in the body. Severe acne is usually treated by a dermatologist. A combination of


topical and oral medications are given for severe acne. Accutane is an oral pill given


for very severe cases of acne. It effects the bodys oil glands and lessens oil


production, although it is not known how. There may be very serious side effects when


used while pregnant, or while used by people without severe acne, including severe dry


skin and muscle pain. The hormone estrogen is used in treating some forms of acne.


This can come in the form of birth control pills. This type of treatment cannot be used in


males because the excess amounts of estrogen in their body can cause women-like


side effects, such as breast enlargement. Antiandrogens block the actions of


androgens on the body. Tests can be made to find out where the excess hormones are


coming from in women. If caused by the adrenal glands, the gland can be turned off by


using other drugs, called corticosteroids.


There are many myths when it comes to acne and its causes. There is no proof


that acne is caused by greasy foods, chocolates, sodas, or junk food. Some people


may be allergic to certain foods which trigger a hormone change that can effect the oil


glands. Even oily skin and/or hair does not have to do with acne, since people with


dry skin may have acne and people with oily skin may have clear faces. The belief that


the sun helps clear skin is also false. In fact, too much sun may cause increased oil


production which may aggravate acne. Acne begins with small papules and pustules,


and can occur in infants due to the very active sebaceous glands. Adult acne is caused


by the same reasons as adolescent acne, but is more often treated with hormones.


Skin with acne can be cared for by routine cleansing to get rid of surface dirt and oils


that may irritate and clog the pores. Acne may also be caused by constant close


contact with skin, sweaty areas, and friction from uniforms and sports. Acne


conglobata is a form of acne in which collections of pus form deep in the skin. A very


large amount of strong drugs can be used to treat this condition. Acne rosacea is a


condition that looks like acne, but is simply a malfunction of the small blood vessels in


the t- zone.


Acne is a condition that is not harmful to the individual, but greatly effects their


confidence and the way they look at the world around them. It is not exactly known


what causes acne, which is why this condition is so difficult to treat and cure. Acne can


be caused by a number of factors, and treatment is often a trial and error diagnosis.


Acne is one of the most frustrating disorders of the sense organs.


Please note that this sample paper on Acne: A Disorder of the Skin is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Acne: A Disorder of the Skin, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Acne: A Disorder of the Skin will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

my crazy life

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on my crazy life. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality my crazy life paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in my crazy life, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your my crazy life paper at affordable prices !



one day i wet to the store. i said hey what up to m homies will and angelo.then i was like good grashious ass bodatious.haha thats a funny one .well and then ia slike ooo weeehello how are you doing my friend. well i dont know ,how are you buddy.i dont kno.so i went to the.tommorow im going o sylmar because my girlsfriend lives there so imoing to hang out there for awhile and then take the train going home.When i get home im going to pay with my sony playstation two and play thesega sports tennis game becase its one of the best gamesive ever played. the day after that im going t play tennis and then m going to my friend willys house and play the swat game because thats the best game ever on a computer.on sundy i might go to church and go home,eat ,sleep, talk on the phone, go noline or somtthing,then playon theplaystation.i was like damn. what the fuck are you doing esssay.where you from.im from no where dogg where you from.someeere.o yea dick face.yah vato.so wutchu dooing rite now vato? im not doing nothing and you?


nothing. aye fuck you fagget as motha fucker you should go and brae your head you shit stain.fuck i harder than little crips.will and angelo.then i was like good grashious ass bodatious.haha thats a funny one .well and then ia slike ooo weeehello how are you doing my friend. well i dont know ,how are you buddy.i dont kno.so i went to the.tommorow im going o sylmar because my girlsfriend lives there so imoing to hang out there for awhile and might go to church and go home,eat ,sleep, talk on the phone, go noline or somtthing,then playon theplaystation.i was like damn. what the fuck are you doing esssay.where you from.im from no where dogg where you from.someeere.o yea dick face.yah vato.so wutchu dooing rite now vato? im not


Please note that this sample paper on my crazy life is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on my crazy life, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on my crazy life will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

people i know-the movie

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on people i know-the movie. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality people i know-the movie paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in people i know-the movie, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your people i know-the movie paper at affordable prices !



“People I know” is the first movie attempt from the director of the television series “Sex and the city”, Dan Algrant. This movie is a pessimistic approach to the secret side of America’s show business and to the connection between show and politics. It is a connection which is called by the absolute power of the capital. The movie in the beginning tries to debunk the show business and afterwards blossoms into a real political thriller.


The story of the movie refers to a decadent agent of New York, who, when is trying to organize a manifestation protest for the deportation of Nigerian illegal immigrants, has a passion night with a starlet, mistress of his best client, and he becomes murder witness that very powerful personalities of the city are involved.


The hero of the movie seems to be literally like a zombie, a ghost of the famous decade of the 60’s when political ideas seemed to be very progressive. Of course, his ideas in today’s hard boiled mentality of the society are incapable to affect the reality because the terms of the political “games” have changed, have become more competitive, and the people that take part are more desperate.


The movie has a very interesting scenario, which reminds very good moments from past political movies. There is also a very strong cast, where except Al Pacino, Kim Basinger stands out in a small but very touchable part-role. The movie of Dan Algrant scared the society of the American’s and there are a lot of different opinions about the concept of the movie.


Buy people i know-the movie term paper





Please note that this sample paper on people i know-the movie is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on people i know-the movie, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on people i know-the movie will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

himiko

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on himiko. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality himiko paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in himiko, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your himiko paper at affordable prices !



In this essay I would like to explain about Himiko and discuss why Himiko was able to be the Queen of Japan. Moreover I would like to explain eYama Taikokuf(Ž×”n‘䍑).


Why did Himiko become a Queen of Yamataikoku?


In China, there is a history book called gGISHI(�°Žu)h. In this book, it tells us about Japan. It says gIn old days, Japan was ruled by a man but because there were too many arguments about 0 countries of king met together and had a meeting. And they decided that Himiko should rule the Japan.


Himiko ruled and lived at Yama Taikoku. She conquered people by charm (magic, spell..Etc). Because she was very old, she didnft have a husband so instead her brother helped with the politics. (Government) About 1000 lady worked under her, soldiers always kept a strict watch on the palace, and monomiyagura.


Buy himiko term paper


She was able to be the queen of Japan because she ruled the country by omajinai (charm) She had this charm power to conquer people, and the country so many kings in other country were interested in her power. (For e.g. Himiko prayed and used charm for the good harvest. She changes the climate and made it rain.) When civilization werenft developed yet, in many countries around the world, many women used majinai(charm) to rule their country and for the government.


After Himiko`s death, a man took over and ruled the country. But again, many arguments had come up so Himiko`s relative, IYO took over. And arguments never come up.iActually, Iyo was Himiko`s adopted child. j


Why donft we know where the Yama taikoku is?


It`s because of the book called gGISHIh. This GISHI had a map where the Yama taikoku was. But the researcher found out that if they follow as the map says it will reach to the Philippines. And they found out that the point of the compass was wrong. So we don`t have any proof to the Yama taikoku. Himiko`s grave might be the good evidence but researcher also canft be sure if that is Himiko`s grave. To be sure they have to look for the coin, gold seal that is from china. But there is one suggestion that maybe yama taikoku is in Kyushu.


Conclusion


Its intreting how women used to be dominant over men. In this period of time, women had more inroads into the society. I thought She was really attractive because she used majinai to rule yamataikoku.


Today, mostly man rues the society so this myth(story) was fresh to me.





Please note that this sample paper on himiko is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on himiko, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on himiko will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

smoking

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on smoking. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality smoking paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in smoking, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your smoking paper at affordable prices !



Tobacco is one of the leading preventable causes of death in the United States. Nicotine, which is an alkaloid derived from the tobacco plant, is a potent chemical that has powerful effects on the human body, especially when administered rapidly or at high doses. Prenatal exposure to nicotine is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, including altered neural structure and functioning, cognitive deficits, and behavior problems in the offspring (). At least 0% - 0% of pregnant women are estimated to smoke cigarettes, although smoking is associated with low birth weight, prematurity and infant mortality. In the United States, smoking accounts annually for estimated fetal deaths ranging from 1,000 to 141,000, for 1,00 to 4,800 deaths during or immediately after parturition, and for 1,00 to ,00 death from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (7). Maternal smoking has been implicated in long term deficits in infant mental development and adverse behavioral problems in children such as attention disorder. Nicotine crosses the human placenta and has direct effects on the developing fetus. Pre-clinical studies suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy produces changes on the offsprings neural functioning, including reductions in uptake of serotonin, alterations in dopaminergic systems, alterations in peripheral and central noradrenergic neurons, and changes in DNA and RNA synthesis in the brain (). Children prenatally exposed to nicotine consistently score lower in the two subcategories of expressive language and conceptual comprehension. Evidence from studies of human neonates suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased rates of neurobehavioral difficulties. Several studies have linked maternal smoking during pregnancy with childhood inattention, impulsivity, and motor hyperactivity in offspring. Similarly, maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with parent-teacher ratings of conduct problems in children and a criminal record in young adults. A study by Yousef Tzabi suggested that cigarette smoking during pregnancy may be one of the causes of hyperactivity and learning deficits in children. In a laboratory study with Sprague-Dawley mice, it was shown that hyperactive male pups that were exposed to nicotine prenatally had significantly higher nicotinic receptor concentrations in the cortex than did the controlled pups (8). This study indicates that hyperactivity in male offspring induced by prenatal nicotine exposure is associated with an increase in neuronal nicotinic receptors in the cortex. A similar study by Lauren S. Wakschlag, on maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys, revealed that mothers who smoked more than half a pack of cigarettes daily during pregnancy were significantly more likely to have offspring who met DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for Conduct Disorder during the preadolescent or adolescent years than women who did not smoke or smoked only occasionally during pregnancy. These findings support previous work showing that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased rates of preschool and school-age behavior problems and delinquency in the offspring. The relationship between smoking and low birth weight, prematurity, and miscarriage has been well established. The effects of nicotine are seen in every trimester of pregnancy, from increased spontaneous abortions in the first trimester to increased premature delivery rates and decreased birth weights in the final trimester. In 157, Simpson first noted in an observational study of 7,4 patients that the incidence of premature delivery, as defined by a birth weight less than ,500g, was twice as great for the smoking mother as compared with the nonsmoking mother (5). A similar study by Walsh concluded that the smoking mother is at two-fold increased risk for delivering a low birth weight infant than her nonsmoking counterpart. The birth weight of a baby is dependent on two factors the gestational age of the fetus at the time of delivery, and the rate of fetal growth up until that point. Nicotine has been shown to affect both of these factors. The average birth weight of infants prenatally exposed to nicotine is 100 to 0g lighter than their nonexposed counterparts (5). Therefore, the rate of delivering a low birth weight or premature infant has remained consistently increased over the past four decades despite advances in prenatal and neonatal care. There is an overall increase of % in perinatal and neonatal mortality when women smoke during their pregnancy. This increase in perinatal mortality is primarily a result of the increase in low birth weight and premature delivery rate seen with tobacco use in pregnancy. The risk of spontaneous abortions, as defined by fetal loss before 0 weeks of gestation, is also % higher in smokers compared with controls (5). A study by T.A. Slotkin, on impaired cardiac function during postnatal hypoxia in rats exposed to nicotine, proposes that maternal smoking correlates highly with parturitional/neonatal death including Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Nicotine exposure of fetal rats reproduces the increased mortality when animals are tested postnatally with hypoxia. Rats exposed to nicotine prenatally show an impaired adrenomedullary response, as well as alterations in brain-stem noradrenergic mechanisms that are likely to participate in cardiorespiratory control (7). Prenatal nicotine exposure reduces cardiac reactivity to circulating catecholamines and to sympathetic neuronal stimulation and may promote cardiac cell damage affecting the reactivity to hypoxia. The loss of neonatal hypoxia tolerance caused by fetal nicotine exposure results in part from interference with the maintenance of cardiac function. In nicotine-exposed rats, the initial tachycardia was absent and the decline in heart rate was much more rapid and profound. It was found that prenatal nicotine treatment may alter the differentiation and function of cardiac cells such that pacemaker diastolic depolarization is blunted during hypoxia. Nicotine can interfere with catecholamine actions which, when released by hypoxia, are essential to maintain neonatal heart rate. Prenatal nicotine exposure blunts the ability of the neonatal adrenal to secrete catecholamines in response to hypoxia. As the neonatal heart lacks functional sympathetic innervation, there is virtually complete dependence on circulating catecholamines derived from the adrenal medulla in order to maintain the heart rate response to hypoxia (7). If comparable changes are seen in man, then the results provide a casual explanation for the increased perinatal morbidity and mortality seen in the offspring of smokers. The fetal environment is relatively hypoxic, and corresponding cardiac functional deficits would thus contribute to the high incidence of fetal mortality. Just as impaired cardiac function during hypoxia in neonatal rats can account for the increase in mortality with prolonged hypoxia, comparable effects in man would provide a mechanism for cardiovascular collapse and consequent brain damage or death during delivery. The consequences of smoking during pregnancy are very dramatic. If clinicians are able to convince their patients to stop smoking early in their pregnancy, a major impact may be made on the incidence of low birth weight infants, perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as cognitive deficits and behavioral problems in the offspring. A strong statement has to be made on the issue of tobacco exposure during pregnancy. This could be accomplished by informing women that their infants may not only be smaller than their nonsmoking counterparts, but their infants may also have transient or permanent changes in their lung and brain ultrastructure. A patient who is informed of these possible long-term effects of nicotine on her child may be more successful with her smoking cessation.





Please note that this sample paper on smoking is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on smoking, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on smoking will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Life back in the day

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Life back in the day. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Life back in the day paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Life back in the day, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Life back in the day paper at affordable prices !



I clearly remember the last period of my first day of ninth grade, already daunted by a new school. I walked in to the global studies classroom, stressed and overwhelmed, only to be confronted with a barrage of rules for the upcoming year. Our notebooks would have seven sections geography, economics, politics, culture, history, review materials and vocabulary. There would also be seven plastic protectors, file folders for handouts, and sections for miscellaneous papers. Oh, and the binder had to 1.5 inches, three rings. I sat in awe as she described this requirement, and two things crossed my mind. One, that it would be a miracle if this novice teacher could get all of her students to actually adhere to these guidelines, and two, that maybe this was all, in fact, just a joke.


Needless to say, she got every one of her students to comply. And her students, as a result, were thoroughly prepared for the regents. That, of course, was her goal. At least on the surface. After all she realized that, a notebook is nothing more than the way one organizes one’s thoughts. It has occurred to me that my expectations of myself and the values through which I strive to live might be represented in what could be called my personal notebook.


So here’s how my personal notebook would be organized. It would also have seven sections. The first one would be labeled “Commitment and Devotion.” It would illustrate the adage that “the more you put into something, the more you get out of it.” It would show my relentless determination and enthusiasm to go that extra mile, to apply thought and meaning to everyday experiences, and to remain dedicated to the things I believe in.


The second section would be “Pride.” It would describe how the key to happiness and success is to be proud of what I’ve done, to focus on doing the very best I can do, to producing the best work, and to realizing that the only expectations that really matter are those I set for myself.


Custom writing service can write essays on Life back in the day


The third section would be “Honesty and Integrity.” It would show how important it is to be straightforward with the people around me, to be truthful, and never to compromise my own values.


The next section would be “Grace and Humility,” and would offer guidelines to living a life that never calls attention to itself. Knowing better or knowing more than someone else doesn’t have to be displayed all the time. True knowledge should be used to help others, not to make one look better in their eyes.


The fifth section would be called “Faith.” Faith has two components faith in yourself and faith in others. My faith and courage in my convictions has acted as a beacon to overcoming any hurdles that life has thrown my way. If each of us has just one person to truly believe in us, then there’s no limit to what we can achieve.


The sixth section would be entitled “Forgiveness and Charity.”  It is important to accept the fact that everyone has flaws, that no one is perfect. Life is too short to hold grudges and everyone deserves a second chance. I have learned that it is possible to forgive without sacrificing my own standards.


The final section would be “Friendship and Love.” Interpersonal relationships are the glue that binds us and helps us to comprehend the basic human condition. In the uncertain world that we live in today, the warmth, compassion, and understanding of another human being makes it all worthwhile.


Long after Regents exams have come and gone, long after I was asked to remember who colonized Mozambique and what factors caused the fall of Rome, long after I’ve been allowed to put away those other loose-leaf binders, my personal notebook will still have value. It may not help me study for any test except the test of life, it may not prepare me for any course other than the good and true. But if I keep this notebook by my side and learn from it every day, then I will be fulfilling Mrs. Santos’ greatest dream for me. No person in possession of all of these qualities could have a finer future, and no teacher could have a finer legacy.


Please note that this sample paper on Life back in the day is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Life back in the day, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Life back in the day will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

A Rose For Emily

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on A Rose For Emily. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality A Rose For Emily paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in A Rose For Emily, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your A Rose For Emily paper at affordable prices !



Reading To Kill A Mockingbird and A Rose For Emily I noticed several differences and


likenesses. I would like to convey my thoughts to you.


Females in A Rose For Emily are depicted as reclusive, crazy, and nosy. Females in To Kill A


Mockingbird are depicted as smart, outgoing, and full of pride.


Custom writing service can write essays on A Rose For Emily


For example, Emily and Aunt Alexandra are both full of pride. Emily is so full of pride that when


she finds out that Homer Barron is not going to marry her and that he is gay that she kills him. She lets the


town think that they are married. When in fact she kills him. Emily is afraid of what the town will say


about her. Aunt Alexandra is full of a different kind of pride. She is full of family pride. She always tell


Jem and Scout about their family tree and history. She also cares about what the town says about them.


Aunt Alexandra doesnt want the town to think badly about the Finch family.


Emily is a sad figure. She doesnt let anybody befriend her. She barely even talks to her servant.


Even when people come to talk to her she either meets them at the door to tell them to go away or she gets


her servant to tell them to go away. She is also a recluse. She hardly if ever goes out. Her servant is


occasionally seen at the market buying food, but other than that nobody ever goes out from the household.


Calpurnia from To Kill A Mockingbird is also a sad figure. She has to compromise with the


white society that discriminates against blacks. She has to compromise with Aunt Alexandra. She has to


do what Aunt Alexandra says even though she does not agree with her. Calpurnia is though, admirable


because she has made the best of her opportunities. She is like a member of the Finch family. She has


been with them since Mrs. Finch died.


In conclusion, Emily has not done the best with her opportunities. She has given up on the world


and so she withdrew into her own little world. Emilyis a sad and lonely lady and will die sad and alone.


She could have so much more if she only tries, though.





Please note that this sample paper on A Rose For Emily is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Rose For Emily, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Rose For Emily will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more

Divorce

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Divorce. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Divorce paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Divorce, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Divorce paper at affordable prices !



I. INTRODUCTION


Nothing can equal the joy of living in a happy home. This is the unspoken wish of every child who comes into the world. Yet many a home is only a house where the biting winds outside are more than matched by the cold criticisms that reign within. There is no more uncomfortable place to live than in a house where people are always miserable and unhappy. The stress and strain of having to live there will soon make even the most rugged individual sick and unhappy. Most of the illness we see today comes from broken families whose parents are divorced. The bitterness and misunderstanding bring on tensions that may result in serious disease. Therefore, anything that can be done to alleviate this suffering is worthy of our thought and study.


Divorce comes all too easy and is brought to be a solution to many problems, but it often raises more questions than it solves. Problems arise to plaque the family for the rest of its life. There may be times where divorce is the only answer, but before taking such step it is well to weigh the consequences with great care. This may not be the answer to a family’s problems. Rather it may be an admission that they have failed to make a sensible adjustment to life.


Is divorce ever good for you? Is it ever good for the children? In the short run the answers to questions is “no” for most people. In the long run, the answer varies. In other words, neither question has a simple answer.


Custom writing service can write essays on Divorce


It’s desperately difficult living in a home where there is tension and quarrelling. You may not know it is all about. Many children are distressed when their parents divorce. Children under the age of 5 may react with rage and grief, as if they themselves were being divorced by their parents. Older children grasp the situation better but sometimes tend to blame themselves. Adolescents are likely to be angry with their parents and to feel socially embarrassed by the breakup. They feel guilty when their parents spit up. Not only it is unpleasant and painful for all members of a family, but the plain teaching of the Bible remains unchanged “What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.” Matthew 16.


The Bible speaks clearly against divorce “Take heed to yourselves, and let none prove unfaithful to the wife of his youth, for I detest divorce and cruelty to wife, the lord of hosts, the god of Israel, declares. Take heed then to yourselves, never be faithless.” Malachi 15, 16, Moffatt. This is why the Philippines, being a Catholic country, recognizes no divorce. However, there have been great numbers of broken marriages that there was a talk about legalizing divorce in the country.


This research will examine and discuss the process of “uncoupling”. It will look closely at what are some of the causes and correlates of divorce, the effects on spouses, parents, and most of all the children, and some of the historical backgrounds of divorce.


If our country legalizes no divorce and the Catholic Church disapproves of it, what should a couple do, then, when after marriage they begin to wish that they were not bound to each other by the solemn promises they made at the time of the wedding and only ending up hurting themselves and their children? Should parents separate for the sake of their kids?





II. DEFINITION OF TERMS


Do these words familiar to you? The following words will help in acquiring new ideas in your memory related to divorce.


Adultery. A sexual relation willingly undertaken between a married person and a person who is not his or her spouse.


Androgynous. Showing both male and female traits, e.g. a woman who resembles a man in outward appearance.


Alimony. The payments ordered by the court for the support of the partner most in need.


Bigamy. The crime of being married to two wives or husbands at the same time.


Custody. Usually given to parents best able to care for the child.


Desertion. The act of or instance of leaving, especially leaving one’s husband or wife.


Divorce. A way of dissolving a legal marriage that permits the partners to remarry if they choose.


Joint custody. An arrangement in which both parents continue to share the responsibility for the care and raising of the children.


Mental Cruelty. The husband and wife constantly make each other unhappy and hurt each other’s feelings.


Separation. An arrangement approved mutually or by a court, under which a husband and wife live apart while remaining married, usually prior to divorce.


Socioeconomic Status. The higher your status the less likely you are to divorce.


Sole Custody. One of the parents is given the responsibility for the care and raising of the child.





II. PRESENTATION OF DATA


A. CONCEPTS OF DIVORCE


Some countries and places legalize no divorce. However, there have been many cases of divorce. Because of the great number of cases of live-ins among the young, there was talk about legalizing divorce and even abortion in most countries. A number of people feel that the best way to resolve the problems of adjustment is to wash their hands off them completely. To do this is to legalize divorce.


But what does it really mean? Divorce is a process that legally ends a marriage. Divorce differs from annulment, which is declaration by a recognized authority, the law of the church, that the marriage was never a true or valid one. Divorce involves the recognition that a marriage has irreparably failed and that at least one of the partners has no desire to continue the marital relationship.


Unsuccessful marriages may be dealt with in other ways. Almost every nation has a legal way to end marriages as well as to establish them. In some countries, simply the husband and wife stating that they want their marriages ended can obtain a divorce. But most society wishes to keep the family together, and divorce is not grunted unless there is a serious problem between husband and wife. This must be decided in the court.


There are two ways by which divorce may be viewed. At one extreme it may be interpreted as a foolproof of basic shortcomings of the modern family system. This view tends not only to analyze divorce as a sign of social disorganization but also to condemn divorced individuals to responsibility in furthering in the disintegration of the society.


At the other extreme, divorce may be viewed positively as an extension of freedom to marital relations. This view stresses the unhappiness of adults are trapped on an unfortunate marriage and argues that children can be even more seriously damaged in the conflict-ridden though still formally intact home.


B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND


Before the 8th century, divorce as we know it was rare. During the medieval times in Europe, only an ecclesiastical or church court could grant divorce. Later this was changed and laws governing divorce were transferred from the church to the state. The divorce laws were further extended and made more liberal during the 1th and 0th centuries.


The Roman Catholic Church does not recognize divorced Catholics who remarry outside of the Catholic Church are no longer excommunicated. In some predominantly Catholic countries there is no divorce. The Protestants and Jewish faiths, while maintaining reverence for the marriage tie, find divorce acceptable. Muslim law permits the husband to end the marriage and remarry another whenever he wishes as long as he can support both families.


C. DIVORCE IN THE UNITED STATES


The early American settlers brought with them three different views on divorce the Roman Catholic view that marriage was a sacramental and that there could be no divorce; the English view that divorce was a legislative matter; and the Protestant view that marriage and divorce were secular matters to be handled by the civil authorities. Virginia and the southern colonies did not recognize divorce at all. By the 160’s, Massachusetts recognized seven grounds for divorce.


The Constitution of the United States did nothing to limit the rights of the states to enact their own laws governing marriage and divorce. Despite several efforts to amend the Constitution, to allow Congress to pass federal legislation on divorce, to this day the states retain separate laws. Because divorce laws vary from state to state, the “migratory divorce” developed couples could move temporarily to a sate where divorce was easier to obtain than at home.


Popular attitudes toward divorce changed as the United States became urbanized and more secular. The increasing acceptance of divorce that was reflected in court interpretations of existing laws and in new legislation enacted by the states two tendencies merged, making possible the establishment of new and easier grounds for divorce. The focus of the states divorce legislation shifted from specifying legal grounds for divorce to criteria concerning the breakdown of the marital relationship. This could be seen in provisions that allowed divorce to alcoholism, drug addiction, or nonsupport. Another tendency was to permit divorce if both parties gave evidence of their desire by voluntarily separating and living apart for a specified period of time.


D. THE PROCESS OF UNCOUPLING


What happens in a family that is in the process of breaking up? What stages bring an intimate relationship to the point of disruption? Researchers have identified a number of features in the process that are common to most divorcing couples. Varied names have been given to the stages of marital dissolution by researchers. In general, however, we can divide the process into four periods recognition, discussion, action, and postdissolution.


1. Recognition. It begins when one or both spouses become aware of serious problems. A spouse may feel discontent or dissatisfaction, and realize that the feeling is sufficiently strong to call the relationship into question. Frequently, recognition occurs when marital stress and open conflict are followed by a period of cold war between the spouses.


At the beginning of the process in the recognition period, there is a “secret”. One of the partners � the initiator � begins to feel uncomfortable in the relationship but doesn’t acknowledge this to his or her spouses. It seems the initiator that the world they “have built together no longer ‘fits’”. While there may be a time of stress and conflict preceding the recognition, the initiator may feel early on that the relationship was a mistake from the beginning.


At first, the spouse who recognizes the problem may not openly confront the partner, but rather expresses discontent by giving various cues and hints like disgruntled looks or omitted kisses. These cues and hints may be a way of trying to force changes and thus salvage the relationship. But eventually the initiator will begin to seek satisfaction in some kind of activity or interest outside the relationship.


. Discussion. Discussion is the period at which one or both spouses begin to share the marital problems with other friends, relatives, a counselor, and often the spouse. The discussion is not merely a sharing of information but an opportunity to redefine the relationship. The partner may be defined in negative terms and the history of the relationship may be reconstructed as series of negative experiences. Gratifying experiences also may be redefined “Yes, we had a good time on that trip but that was only because we were with friends.


Discussion with the partners involves the “breakdown of cover-up.” The initiator finally discloses his or her “secret”, and does so with sufficient force and clarity that the partner cannot deny the fact that the marriage is in serious trouble. With such confrontation, conflict increases, significantly in the discussion period. One of the functions of such conflict is to maintain the relationship for a time. Conflict at least means that there is interaction. But the conflict also serves to underscore that there are problems in the relationship.


During the discussion period, the discontented spouse will find a “transitional person,” someone who can help him or her to move from the old life to a new one. The transitional person may be temporary lover, but may also be a friend who can provide emotional support. The problem with the relationship has now become a public matter.


There may be some effort to save the marriage during this period. Once the confrontation has taken place and the problem is openly acknowledged, the non-initiating partner may ask for an opportunity to try to save the relationship. The initiator feels that he or she has already tried, but may be willing to give the partner a chance to try also. The initiator has been making the transition to (any change for the better. Yet in many cases the odds are against) a new life for a period of time. Yet in many cases the odds are against any change for the better. The initiator is already a somewhat different person, with a new ideology, perhaps new friends and new commitments. Many initiators tell their partners during this period, You don’t know me anymore. If the initiator has gone far enough in the process of transition to a new life, he or she may allow the partner to try to save the relationship but will not allow the partner to succeed. Letting the noninitiating partner try but fail can be a way of getting him or her to agree that the intimate bond has been severed irreparable.


. Action. In the period of action, one of the spouses secures a lawyer in-order to legally dissolve the marriage. Separation also is likely in this period, and may occur before and after a lawyer is consulted. The amount of time involved can vary considerably.


Separation, of course, does not always lead to divorce. The separation can be a cooling-off period that allows the couple to deal more rationally with their differences and effect reconciliation. Other couples get involved in a long-term, unresolved separation; nonwhites and those with lower incomes are most likely to fall into this category.


Difficulties mount once a lawyer is secured and the divorce petition is filed. At this point in the process, couples frequently struggle over such things as division of properties and child custody. Moreover, they often are anxious about the separation and have lingering uncertainties about whether dissolution is really in their best interest.


This period can also last much longer than people anticipate if there are disagreements about the settlement. For example, community property laws do not make financial settlements an automatic matter. Thus, there can be considerable wrangling over the division of property and intense bitterness about the outcome.


4. Postdissolution. The postdissolution periods begin when both spouses accept the fact that the marriage has ended. During this period the spouses probably will think about reasons the divorce and construct some acceptable rationale for what has happened. Many people do not accept completely the fact that the marriage has ended until the former spouse is coupled with a new partner.


E. THE SIXTH STATIONS OF DIVORCE


Paul Bohannan discussed divorce in terms of six “stations” or six different experiences that people are likely to have. Marriage, he pointed out, makes you feel good in part because, out of all those available, we have been selected by someone to be an intimate partner and divorce, by contrast, makes you feel “so awful,” in part, because “you have been de-selected”. To some extent, de-selection occurs in each of the six different stations of divorce.


1. Emotional Divorce. Involves a loss of trust, respect, and affection for each other. Rather than supporting each other, the spouses act in ways to hurt, to frustrate, to lower self-esteem. The spouses grate on each other. Each is visible evidence to the other of failure and rejection.


. Legal Divorce. In which a court officially brings the marriage to an end is the only one of the six stations that provides a tangible benefit to the partner’s relief from the legal responsibilities of the marriage and the right to remarry. The legal divorce can also help partners to feel free of other kinds of obligations, such as that caring for a sick partner. Legal divorce may follow a period of separation, but increasingly couples opt directly for divorce rather than a trial separation.


. Economic Divorce. Involves settlement of the property. The division of the property is rarely an easy matter. Actually, economic settlements were easier under the adversary system, where one of the parties was at fault and therefore is likely to be painful for at least three reasons.


a. There are never enough assets for each partner to feel that he or she is getting that are needed to continue living at a comfortable level.


b. There can be considerable acrimony over who gets what � the condo, silver, favorite painting and so forth.


c. There is likely to be a sense of loss as each partner realizes that he or she must live in the future without some familiar and cherished possessions.


4. Co-parental Divorce. Experienced by those with children � about two-thirds of all couples. Decisions must be made about who will have custody, visitation rights, and continuing responsibilities of each parent. This is perhaps the most tragic part of the divorce, particularly when the parents use their children as weapons against each other or even fall to protect them from the conflict and bitterness of the struggle.


5. Community Divorce. Each of the partners leaves one community of friends and relations and enters another. A newly divorced person may feel uncomfortable with some of the friends he or she shared with the former spouse, especially if there is a feeling that the friends were more sympathetic with the former spouse. Relationship with former-in-laws may cease or become minimal and strained. The process of changing from on community of relationships to another is likely to be difficult and frequently leaves the individual feeling lonely and isolated for a period of time.


6. Psychic Divorce. Central separation that occurs the individual must accept the disruption of the relationship and regain a sense of being an individual rather than a part of intimate couple. Eventually, as the healing process takes place, the individual will begin to feel whole again. But he or she can only feel whole to the extent that the psychic divorce is final; that is, to the extent that there is a distancing from both the positive and negative aspects of the broken relationship.


F. CAUSES AND CORRELATES OF DIVORCE


What happens when people of different habits, attitudes, and backgrounds suddenly find themselves living together under the same roof, sharing meals and conversation, leisure-time activities, and sleeping arrangements? When two people marry and plan life together some form of adjustments must be made. This is also true even if husband and wife had the same environmental background, had gone to the same school, or had grown up together. There is still will be many things they would not agree on. A woman’s favorite color may be blue and her husband’s red. The wife may enjoy watching soap operas while the husband may prefer watching sports on television. Little differences in preferences and habits add up to greater annoyances that cause disharmony.


We have discussed the process of splitting up, but that doesn’t answer the question of why people divorce. Here are some factors


1. Sociodemographic Factors. We usually link divorce to the problems that have developed in marriage. If, for example, the impending divorce of a couple, you might ask what they have done to bring about the divorce. It is unlikely that you would link the divorce to their socioeconomic status, their race, their religion, or other sociodemographic factors, but social scientist have found that the probability of divorce varies according to such factors.


a.) Socioeconomic Status. There is an inverse relationship between socioeconomic status and divorce rates. That is, the higher your status the less likely you are to divorce. Higher status, of course, means higher income. Financial strains are very often on the list of sources of conflict in marriages. No doubt the financial pressures of those in lower income brackets add to the instability of their marriages. There is, however, one exception women in high-income and high-education brackets tend to have higher divorce rates than the other women. The reasons for this are not clear. Perhaps these women are economically secure and thus are free to end an unhappy relationship. Perhaps they are engaged in high-powered careers and find the conflict between work and family life unacceptable or perhaps the husbands cannot adjust to their wives’ career commitment and/or economic independence. In any case, they re an exception to the general trend.


b.) Age at Marriage. One’s age at marriage is related to marital stability. The younger you are when you marry, the greater are your chances of divorce, particularly during the first five years of marriage. Marriage at a late age also raises your chances of divorce, and in fact increases that likelihood for the fist fifteen years of the marriage. Early age probably increases divorce rates because of such things as immaturity, financial strains, and the partners changing ways that make them less compatible. Later age at marriage increases the chances of divorce, as have noted before, because of the greater likelihood that the union is a heterogamous one.


Statistics show, generally that men die earlier than women do. Many women are left widows when they are still very young. A woman in her thirties can marry a man five years younger than she is. In this age bracket, a five-year difference is almost never apparent except in physical appearance. A man of 5 can marry a girl of 0 with no great hindrance to happy marriage. But a ten-year difference in age can pose problems. It may not matter very much in the earlier years, but when the couple reach 40 and 50, or 50 and 60, the difference in appearance, energy, and interests can be very wide.


A 0-year difference can be tragic. In this marriage, a younger person eventually will find great frustration in the older person’s inability or disinclination to keep up with him or her recreational activities and in everyday living. The older the person will eventually experience great loneliness in the lack of mental companionship and shared interests and recreations.


c.) Social Integration. A state of relative harmony and cohesion in a group has an important source of support, a buffer against stress. We would expect, then, that social integration would help to minimize the divorce rates. There is evidence to support that conclusion.


Religious groups provide one source of social integration. In addition, religious places great value on the family. It is reasonable to expect, therefore, that the more religious people are, the less likely they are to divorce.


If social integration, such as that experienced by members of religious groups, tends to minimize divorce, the lack of integration should be associated with higher rates of divorce. One way in which people get into a less integrated situation is by moving to a different country or community. They are likely to be cut off from their friends and family and may not become an integral part of religious or other groups in new community for some time. Thus, there is an association between residential mobility and divorce rates. In region of the nation where there is a high rate of residential movement, there are higher rates of divorce. And it is probably this same phenomenon � the higher rate of mobility and lower likelihood of integration � which accounts for higher rates of divorce in urban areas.


d.) Changing Norms and Roles. Divorce has become more acceptable over time in some countries. They no longer limit the causes for which people get divorced. They no longer stigmatize the divorced person. In addition, Americans have increasingly emphasized the importance of personal happiness over marital stability. They marry in order to be happy. Thus, if their present marriage does not make them happy, they opt for divorce and look for happiness in new relationship.


In addition, the changing roles of women are associated with higher divorce rates particularly the increasing economic independence of women. Divorce rates have risen along with the increased rate of employment of women. Employment per se doesn’t add to the likelihood of divorce. Rather, there are at least two consequences of women’s employment that add to marital instability. First, wives and mothers working outside the home results in some additional strains family life. Second, financial independence provides women with the opportunity to free them from an unhappy marriage.


e.) Race. In the United States, blacks are more likely both to separate and to divorce than are whites. In fact, blacks have higher rate than any other racial group in the United States. The greatest differences between blacks and others occur in the lower socioeconomic levels, but they exist at all levels. Because of their experience of low income, job instability, and high unemployment rates, blacks have learned to depend less on marriage and more on the extended kin network for support. This may have established a cultural tradition in which marriage is less central and in which there is thus less commitment to the marital relationship. An alternative explanation is that blacks still have to deal likely to have a pile-up of stress or events in their lives. The pile-up, in turn, places greater strains on their marriages than on those of other races.


f.) Interracial Marriages. We are familiar with the interracial marriages made soon after the war years, as well as those happening today with the immigration of our professionals to countries offering lucrative opportunities. This kind of marriage involves the learning and understanding of different customs, taboos, specific behavior patterns, and food preferences and preparation.


Interracial marriage creates many complications. There is the problem of choosing where to live, of leaving old friends and relatives and forming new relationships, of having to raise one’s children in a home where racial differences between parents are evident. There are many successful interracial marriages, but it takes courage, maturity and love for a couple to surmount social and economical difficulties.


. Interpersonal Factor. These various sociodemographic factors are important, of course, because they have a bearing on the way that people interact. Ultimately, however, it is the interaction that leads to disruption. If we focus on the interaction itself, rather than on the sociodemographic variables that underlies the interaction, what do we find?


a.) Complaints. When divorce was an adversarial process, people listed all kinds of complaints in their petitions. In some cases their complaints sound trivial. For instance opening windows at night when the wife wants them closed; making derogatory remarks about the wife’s cooking; hiding the husband’s fishing tackle; and paying more attention to the pet cat than the husband. In a study of people applying for divorce in Cleveland, Ohio, Levinger found that the most common complaints of husbands were mental cruelty, neglect of home and children of wives were mental cruelty, neglect of home and children, infidelity, and sexual incompatibility. The most common complaints of wives were mental cruelty, neglect of home and children, financial problems, and physical abuse. A very small percentage of the spouses names “excessive demands” as one of their complaints. It is important to keep in mind that such complaints, because they were a part of court records, may have been framed in accord with what was legally admissible and legally forceful as well with actual complaints.


A number of more recent studies have into the reasons divorced people give for the breakdown of their marriages. In their review of such nine studies, Kitson, Babri, and Roach noted that eight extramarital sex as a reason for the divorce. It should be pointed out, however, that infidelity frequently occurs in a troubled marriage. Often an individual endures an unhappy marriage until he or she becomes involves in relationship, then, provides the basis for leaving the marriage. Four of the studies reported that personality and financial problems were important. Most of the rest complaints involved such interpersonal problems as the lack of communication, feeling unloved, too little family life, and conflict over rules.


b.) Conflict. Some marriages are characterized by intense conflict. The conflict is pervasive; the couple argues over nearly everything. The conflict may involve both severe (infidelity) and trivial (who takes the garbage out) issues.


Few, if any, people are comfortable and happy living in a situation of continual conflict. The situation may be compounded by a lack of conflict management skills. That is, partners may get into a vicious circle in which the in ability to resolve early conflicts acceptably only exacerbates sub sequent conflicts. Thus, a conflict that may begin over a trivial issue may be an opportunity to bring back a severe issue that is still unresolved.


c.) Infidelity. Too much infidelity is akin to adultery, the physical act of extramarital coitus. Many men and women look outside their marriage to satisfy emotional and psychological but not always sexual needs. Such individuals may be said to be engaging in infidelity though they themselves probably will dismiss these activities as in consequential to their marriages, as will their partners and society in general. On the other hand, sexual infidelity is likely to create disturbances in a marriage, especially if it is discovered by the spouse.


The infidelity of a spouse is always received with feelings of shock and bewilderment. Later on these feelings are followed by indignation. Though at times the wife is partly to blame, yet one will more likely lay all the blame on the husband. Experts have said that infidelity should be approached as one would any other serious problem.


d.) Changed Feeling, Personality, and Perspective. Although many divorced couples had a great deal of conflict in their marriage, many did not. The marital bond eroded from decay, not from war, the marriage ended because feelings changed � the couple no longer loved each other, no longer had respect for each other, or no longer enjoyed being together.


One of the possible reasons for the slow, nonconflicted erosion of marriage is changed perspective. We all change throughout our lives. Two people who begin a marriage with similar perspectives may find themselves changing in ways that make them less compatible. Their perspective diverges. They no longer enjoy doing the same things. They are no longer the same two people who were married and, unfortunately, neither likes very much the way that the other has changed.


Personality is the totality of the external manifestations and internal feelings of the individual. It includes his habits, behavior, thought patterns, emotional responses, moods, attitudes, reactions to people and situations, hopes, fears, aspirations and a myriad of the other things that make him an individual.


Since there are no two identical personalities, adjustment in marriage presents a problem. Most of us exhibit certain traits and types of behavior, which cannot easily be changed. And each individual’s behavior is the result of many contributing factors. This results in several personality types, which often clash. The surprising thing is that in spite of great differences in personality, couples do marry and make a go of marriage.


Basically, most conflicts in marriage exist because the two personalities of husband and wife are unable to achieve a common basis for making a satisfactory decision. Most of the difficulties arise from differences in habits and attitudes. However alike or different husbands and wives may be, they will have to make adjustments to each other’s ways or habits and preferences. The responsibility for making these adjustments falls upon each man and woman individually. Since marriage is the most intimate of all the social relationships, it is essential that each person be treated with utmost care and respect.


e.) Emotional Immaturity. One of the consequences of divorce is likely to be an increase in emotional problems. But not all problems are the result of the divorce. Some exist before and contribute to the deterioration of the relationship.


There are some patterns of behavior that may be thought of as mature and others as immature. One’s relative maturity depends upon a number of factors. An individual may exhibit both mature and immature behavior at the same time a person may be forty years old by the calendar but sixteen by some of his behavior patterns. He may be physically well developed, and may posses a high-grade intelligence and yet he may exhibit childish responses.


Adulthood is a social status; maturity is a level of development. In making marriage successful, there is no single factor more important than maturity. Since marriage is for adults only, immature persons ill surely make marriage flounder if not fail.


f.) Sexual Relations. Marriage as a recognized social institution sanctions the intimate physical relationship between husband and wife. It is the socially approved means of reproduction. As such, the sexual relation between a husband and wife is considered as an expression of their deeper emotional life together and their regard for each other, as well as nature’s way of providing offspring. Sex per se is considered neither good nor bad, clean or unclean, moral or immoral, beautiful nor ugly. It is simply sex � an attribute of all human beings. What is important is that the use of sex contains potentialities in life to foster happiness and to enhance a deeply satisfying completeness. For sex relationship not to become a source of conflict in marriage, the couple must have an adequate information on the sexual apparatus and its various ramifications to b able to acquire sexual harmony.


g.) Temperamental Traits. Well-adjusted people maintain their equilibrium even when the going gets rough. They swing neither to one extreme of violent anger nor to the other of apathetic coldness. The theory that temperament determines to a large degree one’s success in marriage does not imply that the individual can do nothing consciously to favor compatibility. Physiologists and psychologists cannot yet determine just how temperament is due to maturity and how much is due to immaturity.


h.) Jealousy. Jealousy is a natural provocative emotion when it gets out of hand; however, it defeats its purpose and can alienate a spouse’s affection without real justification. One will discover that jealousy implies fear � fear of losing the affection and fidelity of the other person. It is a fear reaction. Although sometimes it is considered as operating under the claw of love, yet the various expressions of jealousy are a clear indication of an individual’s feelings of inferiority and frustrations.


Jealousy must be of two types


1.) Necessary or justifiable jealousy - that which is based upon observation of the behavior of the spouse. For instance, the wife may feel helpless to hold her husband because he is obviously attracted to another woman.


.) Unnecessary or unjustifiable jealousy - that which is not based upon fact but only on the feeling of insecurity or suspicion of the jealous person. For example, the husband has exhibited no suspicious behavior, but then he talks with a woman who sits next to them at a dinner. The insecure wife may take this as sufficient cause to be jealous.


Jealousy is self-defeating when it gets out of hand because of the following reasons


· Love and fidelity cannot be forces through suspicion and surveillance. The only love worth having is that which is given freely and voluntarily.


· Even when justifiable, jealousy is not addresses to the true causes of infidelity.


· The other person resents the lack of trust.


· A jealous person is likely to be hard to live with and, therefore, likely to become unattractive.


· Jealousy tends to be a symptom of immaturity and is often part of behavior that is not conducive to happy marriage.


i.) Authority and Responsibility. Who should be the boss in the family? Who should wear the pants? The question of who should exercise authority sometimes brings about some tension in the family. In a truly democratic family, members are usually encouraged to take care of themselves to grow in their ability to assume adult responsibilities, and to use as much freedom differs from license, because with the latter the individual has no regard for whatever consequences may be.


j.) Recreation. Leisure time may be referred to as the “time that is free from economic pursuits, including homemaking. It is the time in which the individual has greater freedom of choice as to how it shall be employed”. Social conditions brought about legislation and technological progress have increased the amount of leisure available to both sexes.


It has been suggested be experts that there should be some definite plan of recreation for the average family. In the planning, the children must be involved, which means setting up of a family council where the children may participate. This setup can prevent needless friction between individuals, for it fosters cooperative spirit and regards each member on an equal basis. It also enables parents to train their children in the wise use of leisure, one of the recognized needs of the industrialized age in which we live.


In choosing a good form of recreation or in considering how members of the family should jointly spend their leisure hours, the following points are suggested


· The activity must cater to the higher self.


· It must have a good lasting effect.


· It must have a good purpose.


· It must respect the dignity of the human personality.


· It must contribute to the growth of the better self.


· It must be reasonable.


G. PROCEDURES FOR DIVORCE


The process of obtaining a divorce usually requires the husband and wife to engage lawyers. These lawyers represent their clients in court. There, when the couple have children, decisions are made concerning who will have custody of and who will support the children. In some cases parents agree to share custody.


Many divorces are granted on the grounds of cruelty or desertion. The two are not getting along because of serious differences in personalities and in likes and dislikes to which they cannot simply adjust. A non-fault divorce, when neither partner blames the other for an unhappy marriage, is becoming more common.


H. LEGALITIES OF DIVORCE


Even if divorce may be legalized in the Philippines, despite objections of the Roman Catholic Church, divorce litigation will not be easy. Couples for instance, who want their marriage dissolved have to find justification � usually adultery or an attempt on the life a spouse � to hold one party entirely to blame.


Divorce may be considered from several aspects besides its usual legal dissolution of marriage bonds. It may be viewed as a pathological condition in society. The couples are forced to “wash their dirty marital linen in public.” Moreover the legal process is said to be a sham because all parties involved � judges, lawyers and the couples themselves � realize that charges are made for no other reason than to comply with the state’s divorce laws.


I. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANNULMENT AND DIVORCE?


Like a divorce, an annulment is a court procedure that dissolves a marriage. But an annulment treats the marriage as though it never happened. For some people, divorce carries a stigma and they would rather their marriage be annulled. Others prefer an annulment because it may be easier to remarry in their church if they go through an annulment rather than a divorce.


Grounds for annulment vary slightly from state to state. Generally, they may be obtained for one of the following reasons


· Misrepresentation or Fraud. For example, a spouse lied about the capacity to have children stated that she had reached the age of consent or failed to say that she was still married to someone else.


· Concealment. For example, concealing an addiction to alcohol or drugs, conviction of a felony, children from a prior relationship, a sexually transmitted disease or impotency


· Refusal or Inability to Consummate the Marriage. That is, refusal or inability of a spouse to have sexual intercourse with the other spouse, or


· Misunderstanding. For example, one person wanted children and the other did not.


These are the grounds for civil annulments; within the Roman Catholic Church, a couple may obtain a religious annulment after obtaining a civil divorce in order for one or both spouses to remarry.


Most annulments take place after a marriage of a very short duration -- a few weeks or months, so there are usually no assets or debts to divide, or children for whom custody, visitation and child support are a concern. When a long-term marriage is annulled, however, most states have provisions for dividing property and debts, as well as determining custody, visitation, child support and alimony. Children of an annulled marriage are not considered illegitimate.


J. WHEN ARE MARRIED PEOPLE CONSIDERED SEPARATED?


Many people are confused about what is meant by separated -- and its no wonder, given that there are four different kinds of separations


a.) Trial Separation. When a couple lives apart for a test period, to decide whether or not to separate permanently, its called a trial separation. Even if they dont get back together, the assets they accumulate and debts they incur during the trial period are usually considered jointly owned.


b.) Living Apart. Spouses who no longer reside in the same dwelling are said to be living apart. In some states, living apart without intending to reunite changes the spouses property rights. For example, some states consider property accumulated and debts incurred between living apart and divorce to be the separate property or debt of the person who accumulated or incurred it.


c.) Permanent Separation. When a couple decides to split up, its often called a permanent separation. It may follow a trial separation, or may begin immediately when the couple starts living apart. In most states, all assets received and most debts incurred after permanent separation are the separate property or responsibility of the spouse incurring them.


d.) Legal Separation. A legal separation may result when the parties separate and a court rule on the division of property, alimony, children support, custody and visitation -- but does not grant a divorce. The money awarded for support of the spouse and children under these circumstances is often called separate maintenance (as opposed to alimony and child support).


K. EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON SPOUSES/PARENTS


This research paper began with the question, is divorce ever good for you? The probable answer could be either yes or no. There will probably be short-term negative effects. There may be long-term positive effects.


1. Positive Outcomes. There are also some positive results that may occur to divorce. Some people have felt worthwhile as a person, experienced growth and maturity, felt relieved, felt closer to their children and even felt competent. Although troubled by anger, insecurity, and depression, they had some positive experience as well.


In the longer run, most people will view divorce as a positive turning point, perhaps even a necessary step in their own well being. For instance, women believe that divorce set them on the road to autonomy for the first time in their lives. They had not established their independence before getting married. Women became that independent human being by leaving a marriage with a domineering man.


. Health Problems. Not all outcomes are positive, even in the long run. Problems with physical and emotional health are common among people who are in the process of divorcing. Moreover, sometimes these problems last for years or even decades after the divorce is final.


Although some emotional difficulties may be present before and contribute to a divorce, the process is sufficiently stressful to create such problems. Divorced people have higher rates of suicide, accidents, physical and mental health problems, and alcoholism. They also re less happy than those who are married.


The stress of a divorce is great because it involves the disruption of an intimate relationship. There is a sense of loss. There are uncertainties about the future, about the individuals network of relationships, and perhaps about the decision to divorce. The prospect of such a radical change in ones life tends to create a certain amount of anger, depression, and guilt. Interestingly, such feelings are likely to occur to those who initiate the divorce as well as to their parents. The difference is that the initiators are likely to experience the negative emotions earlier in the process.


How long do such negative emotions last? Typically, it takes anywhere from two to four years to work through a divorce. However, if the individual does not cope well, the problems may go on for decades or even a lifetime. Parents will tend to be chronically disorganized. They had problems meeting the demands of parenting. And frequently they leaned on their children for support; the children, in effect, became parents to their own parents.


. Financial Problems. Decision making about family spending is relatively easy if husband and wife share common social perceptions and expectations. In many families, economic decisions are a primary source of marital conflict. A man who has always dreamed of owning a house will have different concept of budgeting, spending, and saving than his wife who wishes to save for her children’s education. Similarly, a husband may find I hard to understand why his wife wants to go to the movies so often, and she, in turn, criticizes him for buying magazines, which he only hides.


4. The traditional arrangement among couples is that the husband gives his wife his entire salary for household and other expenses. This frees him from money responsibilities at home. Yet this may present difficulties because of the wife’s subordinate positions in the household. Turning over all the money to her with exception of the husbands’ personal expenses has definite limitations. The money may not be enough, in which case she becomes a niggardly nagger who has stretch an insufficient income to cover expenses.


Money is nearly always a problem for the newly married. The realistic wife knows that money is not elastic. Before thinking of extras and luxuries, she makes sure that such essentials as rent (or mortgage payment), food, and utilities are provided for. Then provision is made for obligations, such as debts for furniture. Then come the essentials � insurance, pocket money for the husbands, pin money for her. Only then can restaurant meals, movies, maintenance of a car and other luxuries be afforded. No young couple should risk their happiness trying to maintain a standard of living beyond their means.


L. EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN


One of the reasons given by some people for remaining in an unhappy marriage is to protect their children. Most people are aware that divorce can be a very painful experience for children. Still it is always better for children if their parents marriage is intact? Just how painful is divorce for the children?


The harsh effects upon the children of a dissolved marriage are one of the most forceful arguments against divorce. For children divorce can be a bewildering and emotionally painful experience.


1. Short-term Effects. In the short-term children are likely to suffer a variety of physical and emotional problems when their parents divorce. In some cases, such as a family in which there was abuse or intense and constant conflict, the separation and divorce may be a relief rather than a traumatic experience. Most of the time, however, the short-term effects will be negative. In fact, parental separation is likely to create a crisis for the child for the child, but one that will diminish within the first six to twelve months. Among the negative consequences are


· Initial reactions to parental separation may include intense anger, fears about the future, and loyalty conflicts as the child is pressured to take sides in the parental battle.


· Physical health ratings of children from divorced families are lower than those from intact families.


· Children from divorced families are more likely to be depressed and withdrawn than those in intact families.


· Children from divorced families rate themselves lower in social competence.


· Intact-family children have fewer absences at school, higher popularity ratings, higher IQ, reading, spelling, and math scores and fewer behavioral problems at school than do children from divorced families.


The various consequences are understandable. Disruptions in intimate relationships are very stressful for all of us. Children are likely to be even more stressed because they have no control over what is happening to them and see no longer -term benefits to the disruption. Thus, they react with anger, depression, and anxiety, and this emotional turbulence interferes with other aspects of their lives.


. Long-term Effects. Fortunately, the picture is not as bleak when we look at longer-term consequences. There may be some positive outcomes for the children. For example, children in single-parent homes are more likely to be androgynous in their behavior. The pressures toward traditional gender roles do not seem to be as prevalent in single-parent homes tend to be more mature and to have a greater sense of their own efficacy. This is probably due to the fact that they take more responsibility for family life, doing some things that might otherwise be done by the absent parent.


In those cases in which family life was marked by intense, conflict, the children are likely to be better off in both in the short and long run. Children from divorced homes have higher rates of depression and withdrawal, but the rates are even higher for those who live in a home with persistent conflict than for those who live in a single-parent home. In fact, some of the negative consequences may be due to the level of conflict in the home rather than the divorce per se. Children will remain in an intact family with persistent conflict will suffer more than those whose parents divorce. However, there may be some negative long-term consequences.


If some of the effects are positive, others are neutral; that is, in the long run there are no differences between those who come from intact and those who come from disrupted homes. For examples, there are no variations in the self-esteem. Moreover, children from divorced families appear to be equally competent in social situations as those from intact families.


However, there may be some negative long-term consequences


· Those from disrupted homes score lower than those from intact homes on a measure of their sense of power.


· Those from disrupted homes are likely to attain less education, to marry at an earlier age, and to have a less stable marriage themselves.


· Those from disrupted homes view their families of origin in more negative terms.


· Divorce tends not to reduce attachment to the custodial parent but does reduce it with the noncustodial parent


· When the noncustodial parent is perceived as lost, the adult child is likely to be depressed.


· Those from disrupted homes report themselves as less happy than those from intact homes.


· Women from disrupted homes are less likely to marry than are women from intact homes.


· A study of women showed that those from disrupted has more difficulty trusting and relying on men than do women from intact homes.


· A long-term study reported that two-thirds of young women from disrupted homes developed anxiety as young adults, feared betrayal in intimate relationship, while 40 percent of young men from disrupted homes had, as young adults, no set goals and a sense of having limited control over their lives.


Divorce often produces trauma in the children of divorcing parents. The effects are particularly traumatic where children believed their parents’ marriage to be happy. Divorce turns the children’s world topsy turvy. The simple things that had been taken for granted are no longer simple eating meals and going on trips with both parents, curling up with either parent to read a book or watch television, kissing both parents to bedtime come to an end.


. Gender Differences. Will you handle a divorce of your parents better if you are a girl or a boy? One of the interesting conclusions to emerge from research is that girls tend to adjust more easily to divorce than do boys. Boys from divorced homes exhibit significantly more problematic behavior than do boys from intact homes; no such difference are found among girls. Boys who live with a divorced mother have even higher levels of depression and withdrawal than boys who live in an intact family with high, persistent conflict do. Boys also take a longer time to adjust than do girls.


They are various reasons why boys have more difficulty adjusting to a divorce. One factor to keep in mind that is boys tends to be more aggressive than girls at all ages. Both boys and girls from divorced families tend to be more aggressive than those from intact families are, but the increase may push the boys behavior past acceptable limits while an increase in a girls aggressive behavior might still not be labeled problematic behavior.


The main problem of boys may be the lack of same-sex parent. Most boys live with their mother. The need for a father seems to intensify during adolescence, when the boy, unlike the girl, has no same-sex role model in the home. There is some evidence that both boys and girls who live with the parent of the opposite sex are not as well adjusted in terms of social behavior. The problem of a son living with his mother may be compounded if the son reminds the mother of the father will whom she is still angry.


M. THE EMOTIONAL ISSUES AND CONSEQUENTIAL BEHAVIOR OF YOUTHS IN DIVORCE SITUATIONS


So if your parents are divorced, how does it affect you and what can you do about it? When parents split up, there can be many emotions that a youth may have to deal with. These feelings, internalized or expressed, will result in certain behavior.


1. DEEP HURT


Divorce hurts! It is the collapse of a God intended designs the family nucleus. Children can get robbed of a special experience and protection called Family. They move on in their lives as individuals without the understanding of what familial security and bond is. They look out into the world and wonder why it has dealt them a cruel card in life. Why me? Why cant it be Tim, the big bully? Surely he deserves it more than I do?


Having to deal with divorced parents can sometimes also be much harder than if one were to grieve their loss through death.


Some people, however, swing to the opposite end by denying that it affects them. They try to go on merrily in their lives projecting an image that they are handling it well. The truth is, there is a world of difference between what one experiences in a healthy family versus one that is broken. It does not, however, spell condemnation or doom in your life. You can do something about it. The operative word here is do. This implies that you need to take time to identify the feelings and thoughts that are running through you. To ask all the questions you need to ask, and then allow yourself to grieve through this loss. Only when you know what you feel can you learn to overcome it, and move on with better strength, courage, and hope. Healing is necessary. Do not shortchange yourself.


. ANGER & BITTERNESS


While hurt is something internal and private, anger on the other hand, is an expression or your hurt turned towards others. It is not wrong to feel angry. If someone is continually hurting you and does not want to be fair towards you, it is only natural that you get upset and angry towards that person. The sinful part only occurs when you begin to translate this anger into hate by trying to retaliate, or when you harbor a deep seated bitterness that is not willing to seek forgiveness and reconciliation actively. In Ephesians 46 we read that we should not sin while we may be angry, and that we need to resolve or release this anger as soon as possible. Note that it did not condemn anger per se. It talks about letting this anger linger on until it turns cancerous and deadly and results in sin - when we take justice into our own hands.


Anger is natural. Learn to accept the fact that people are not perfect and sometimes we get caught in circumstances that cause us pain, even though we do not deserve it. Surrender this anger over to the Lord in prayer and allow Him to minister to this internal pain so that you may be able to forgive, and in the process of your own healing, learn even to relinquish and love those who have wronged you. It can be tough to do, but this is the true Christian conduct - that we do not deny our God-given human emotion, but learn to take responsibility for it and at the same time, committing the persons whom we feel angry about to the love and care of our Lord.


. GUILT


In some instances, children may feel responsible for their parents’ divorce. This could be due to the fights that the parents may have over them. Sometimes, parents openly declare to them that they are splitting up because of irreconcilable differences on parenting. Other parents may blame the child for their breakup because they may feel that the child has added more stress in their marriage, causing them much emotional tension and loss of time for each other.


All of these reasons given are NOT valid. You are not responsible for your parents breakdown in their marriage. They are. Whatever stress they may have encountered because of you (assuming that this was true), it is still their responsibility to deal with it. If necessary, they should seek help. To put blame on the child for their actions is cowardly. If they have been unable to manage a situation and have been irresponsible, then it is they who should face the guilt not someone else.


4. SHAME & INFERIORITY


A loss of family identity often makes one feel inadequate or incomplete. The truth of the matter is, none of us are, whether we come from a broken home or no. It is only in Christ that we find completeness.


Many children from broken families often feel inferior to others. Sometimes, people around are ignorant and ask questions like Its fathers day today, where is your dad? or How come you are sometimes contacted at this number and other times at another number?” This innocent questions often forces the child to face the painful reality of his family situation over and over again. Even the forms that you fill sometimes require you to state your parents names, their addresses, their marital status and their relationship to you.


Do you not let the evil one put you in constant shame. Claim the verses in Romans 81-4 where we are told that there is therefore no more condemnation for those who are in Christ, because of the power of His death on the cross and His resurrection. We do not need to live in shame and feel like failures. Life is abundant with Jesus; there is still so much more to live for.


5. LOW SELF-ESTEEM


Children from divorced families often feel rejected. The feeling that one has been abandoned by the two closest people in the world often leaves scars that are difficult to heal. The child is left to try to understand why these two people cannot stay together and may even personalize the blame because they feel that they are not good enough to bring them back together.


Dealing with low self-esteem requires absolute honesty to establish an accurate picture of which we are, positive or otherwise. This means that we do not try to deny that we have problems. We accept that this is the case. However, we push this further by asking ourselves what these problems really mean in our lives and what we can do about it. Often, when one goes through this process, it is evident that the consequences are not as bad as they seem to be. Life goes on. You still have the ability to integrate into the larger scheme of things. The fact is, most people are not the slightest bit concerned whether you are from a broken family or not. They just accept you as you are. If they don’t, then it is they who have a problem, and you can pray for them instead of getting unnecessarily hurt.


N. HELPING CHILDREN COPE


The short-term reactions children experience are expected and normal. Children need to express their worries and concerns about the divorce. They may need to discuss this with both parents several times as new concerns arise. Listening to childrens worries and allowing them to feel sad or angry is an important healing process. When children become stuck in these emotions for a long time and dont seem to be getting beyond the hurt, parents should ask for help.


Family counselors or psychologists can help by getting children to express themselves. Helpful advice for divorced parents and children of divorced parents include the following


1. Advice for Divorced Parents


· Work as Co-Parents and remember that a person may not be a good marriage partner but can still be a good parent.


· Communicate - Inform the other parent of events or situations, when something happens before they hear it from the children. Never use the children as messengers.


· Coordinate with the other parent. Have time-sharing plans all mapped out on calendars. Coordinate about discipline, make rules ahead of time regarding grounding and restrictions. They dont have to be the same in both households, but both parents should agree on major limitations. Coordinate efforts in encouraging children to have contact with both parents. This will avoid loyalty issues.


· Compromise. This is especially hard when anger exists between parents. However, compromise and meeting the other parent halfway set good examples for children.


. Advice for Children of Divorced Parents


· Children have a right to both parents.


· Children should tell their parents how they feel and what they want.


· If children want to make changes in how they spend time with their parents or where they live, they should first to the parent they are afraid of hurting.


· Children should always tell their parents whenever they feel uncomfortable in any situation.


· It is not always possible to get both parents to work together, but with at least one parent willing to be flexible, the potential outcome for the children is still better than the two fighting.


· While parents should insist on the children having regular contact with the absent parent, the children should have no choice in this (unless there is abuse or neglect). Visitation should be thought of as necessary, similar to attendance at school. At the fathers home, children need to feel as if they belong; being treated as a guest is unrewarding for all. Children need chores and restrictions as well as sharing in the fun family times.


O. SHOULD PARENTS STAY TOGETHER FOR THE SAKE OF THE KIDS?


This question is asked often and most experts agree that this is not the best solution to the problem. Children subjected to constant arguing; fighting and cool standoffs are worse off than children are whose parents have a civilized divorce. Children suffer even more if after a divorce their parents continue to fight. Sometimes the battles escalate and for some children the warring never ends. Often after a divorce, just being in separate household will ease up the fighting.


Children should be told about the divorce by both parents, hopefully at the same time, and what is toldPlease note that this sample paper on Divorce is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Divorce, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Divorce will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!



Read more