Fanny Fern: A Woman Ahead of Her Time

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Sara Payson Willis Parton was a vocal feminist, constantly writing in defense of women’s rights. She believed women were as smart as men, and should be allowed to follow any career they chose. She wrote about birth control, divorce, education for women, sexism in religion and marriage, and women’s poverty. Her writings are very funny, and her witty criticisms and satires of sexist men drew a lot of attention. Her ideas were way ahead of her time, and people often didn’t agree with her .In this essay, I will examine the life of Fanny Fern, and discuss how the society she came from played a major role in influencing her writings.


Notoriously known as Fanny Fern, Sara was born in Portland, Maine, and was originally named Grata Payson after the mother of the Congregational minister Edward Payson, whose sermons had influenced her father in a immensely. She was the fifth of nine children born to Nathaniel and Hannah Willis. In the early 17th century, her predecessors had come from England to Massachusetts. Her paternal grandfather edited a Whig journal during the Revolutionary War, and her father published an anti-federalist organ, the Eastern Augus in Portland. A libel suit forced him back to Boston when Sara was a year old. There he started a printing business, and published one of America’s first religious newspapers, the British Recorder.


As a child, Fern’s witty personality earned her the nickname of “Sal Volatile.” She attended school in Hartford, Connecticut at the seminary of Catherine Beecher. When she returned to Boston, she often contributed to her father’s Youth Companion. She married a wealthy banker named Charles H. Eldredge in May, 187.Together they had three children, Mary in 18, Grace Harrington in 1840, and Ellen Willis in 1844. This seemingly wonderful time in her life was ended by tragedy; the death of her mother, daughter Mary, and husband in 1846.Unable to find work, Fern was forced to financially rely upon her father because the law held that once a woman was married, all her property was to be turned over to her husband, and now that her husband was dead she was left with nothing. Her second marriage in 184 to Samuel P. Farrington ended in divorce three years later. Fern had left Farrington which was almost impossible to do at this point in society.


At the times she was living in, it was believed that a woman’s place was in the home. Societal views held that women were to be the homemakers, while the occupations in the outside world were to be left to the men. “It was an age when women were preferred as angels rather than amazons, homemakers rather than careerists.” (Donald & Randall 1).





Once again on her own, she attempted teaching and sewing. However she made so little that she had to give up her daughter Grace. Fed up, she decided to ignore the “inferior” tag that society pinned on her, and join the male dominated world of journalism. She decided to write and used the pseudonym “Fanny Fern.” The Mother’s Assistant, the True Flag, and the Olive Branch, small Boston magazines, published some of her work in 1851. Before long, many newspapers reprinted these amusing paragraphs.


Her journalistic career now on its way, got the attention of publisher James C. Derby from Auburn, New York. He gathered her writings together and published them in 185 as Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio. It became an immediate bestseller in both America and England. Robert Bonner, owner of the New York Ledger, placed her on his payroll in 1855 at the astounding salary of $100 for a regular weekly column. This made her one of America’s first women columnists.


Having to live in a society like hers was difficult; such denials of equal opportunity gave rise to advocates of women’s rights. Fern, like other feminists spread the word of injustices to all who would listen through her powerful writings. She also wrote about the problems and status of female authors.


In “Hints to Young Wives,” Fern wittingly writes about the roles of women at her time


The minute she sees her husband coming up the street, she makes for the door, as if she hadn’t another minute to live, stands in the entry with her teeth chattering in her head till he gets all his coats and mufflers, and overshoes, and what-do-you-call-‘ems off, then chases round(like a cat in a fit) after the boot-jack;warms his slippers and puts ‘em on, and dislocates her wrist carving at the table for fear it will tire him.


She feels that women have been blindly led into a belief that their purpose on earth is to serve men. “Hints to Young Wives” is a typical newspaper article by Fanny Fern, published in the Boston Olive Branch in February of 185. This piece demonstrates the intimacy in which Fern speaks to her reader. Fern’s style is simple. She uses common diction and short sentences to mimic conversational tone. “Hints to Young Wives” is about a woman desperately trying to warn young wives about their sneaky husbands. I like this article because she uses humor to get her point across, instead of tearing up and pouting about the horrible situation.


In Blackwell’s Island No. , Fanny Fern touches on the taboo subject of prostitution. She warns the readers that the article maybe offensive to some but bluntly compares the roles of prostitute and Johns. Men may pursue sexual pleasures because they deserve that right. Women who serve those rights should be locked up and never thought of again.


The idea that mother’s introduce their very own daughters to future husbands, perpetuates the never ending chain of events-men have the right to cheat and pursue sexual pleasures. Fern touches on this same subject in Hints to Young Wives. In her time, mother’s had no greater pleasure than to marry their daughter to a respectable gentleman. These “respectable” males in turn deserve to gratify themselves outside of the marriage arena. Women considered prostitutes the lowest form of life and pretended that they didn’t exist. Prostitutes were on every corner in New York. Many had no other choice but to earn a living in this fashion. Men on the other hand, were not penalized for this behavior. Their sexual needs were part of their very being.


Men considered their lives monotonous, even though at the end of the day their shops are closed, and all day in work they conversed with adults. Women, on the hand, are always tending to family-never ‘closing shop’ at the end of the day. Should not a woman be able to pursue the same forms of excitement as a man?


Fern in her article also touches upon her religious views. God created humans equal in that everyone must follow the same Ten Commandments. She believes that the seventh commandment is meant to be followed by both men and women. Society has given men their stamp of approval to disregard God’s commandment. Society has dictated that men not only need these activities because they are physically different, but actually deserve to act out these behaviors because of their ‘lack of luster’ lives. When women work as prostitutes, not only are they breaking the laws of society and should be thrown in jail, but they are also breaking God’s laws and should be cast to hell for all eternity.


Fanny exposed the double standard of her times, but sadly enough most women also perpetuated females as not deserving life’s pleasures.


In Mrs. Adolph’s Smith Sporting, Fern comments on the shortcomings of males, in a delightful, comical, and well-written paragraph. She exposes the incapability of men to survive without women. At the same time it is clear that the woman is in charge, and has total control over the whole situation. Mother finds all missing items, feeds the family, tends to the ill, and fights the battle. Men can do one thing at a time while women perform many tasks.


Fanny’s commentary on prison life, Blackwell’s Island, differs from most of her essays in that its focus is on society’s punishment system rather than women’s role in society. This article enlightens the reader to the penal’s systems, and societies failure to serve those convicted of crimes. This seems like one of a few articles that does not paint women in need of liberation. Criminals are imprisoned for crimes and people feel they should be locked up. Fanny sees humanity in the faces of the prisoners. She questions just how people become involved in a life of crime. Is it the will of God or society? When a prison is struggling along, does society lend a helping hand? She speaks of housing (modern day half-way house??) and jobs being available. She believes that society has a duty to save itself. After serving their punishment, prisoners should not be branded as convicts, but blended back into society. She notes that society comes around passing out Bibles and shouting out God’s word, but offering no responsibility in the plight. It seems as though Fanny is a spokesperson for the mistreated beings in her society.


The article recites to the modern day reader that women in the 1800’s even Fanny, had a softer side. Women had the idea that institutions, jobs, and money would give criminals self respect. This self respect would deter them from committing crimes. This idea works for some but not for others.


Fanny again draws from some of her religious beliefs. Society should not condemn, but try to prevent further criminal acts.


In all, Fanny Fern was a woman ahead of her time. She saw the injustices of her society, took notes, and wasn’t afraid to share what she felt with the world. She was a brave woman who turned her life tragedies into a powerful force that kept her strong. She laughed in the faces of those who made it seem that women were inferior to men, and pulled the wool from the eyes of foolish women who believed that their only role in life was to serve men. She put the wheels in motion for women’s rights, and for that reason Fern has helped make the lives of women better today.





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Dwayne Niatum's She Keeps the Dance Turning Like the Earth

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Dwane Niatum’s “She Keeps The Dance Turning Like The Earth” is about a young man named Crow who faces his sister Claire’s suicide. Unable to work and his love ,Rachel, ready to leave him, he takes the necessary steps to get his life back together. Crow’s struggles to overcome his loss take him on an emotional journey that eventually leads to a remarkable transformation and the healing of his soul. Crow goes from an overwhelming sadness, to guilt and confusion, to an unemotional neglect of his life, and finally, to an exorcism and a return to creativity.


In the first part of the story Crow is feeling overwhelmed with sadness at the news of Claire’s suicide. As he speaks to Rachel on the telephone his mind is not there. “Slowly he becomes a mountain bird drifting beyond the Hoko River” (15). Crow’s mind is drifting away to another place and time. He is going to visit Claire’s grave and needs to be alone.


In the second part, a day or two later, Crow is struggling to deal with guilt and confusion. He sits by her grave and talks to Claire, trying to come to an understanding of what has happened. He asks her, “Will I ever know why you stopped in midair?”(16). He feels as if he is going “mad” because he needs to know “why” and she cannot answer him. His mind is in a state of confusion. They had been through so much together as children and “together they had outran the nightmare”(16). Crow feels a sense of guilt because she was too young and full of life to die and he should have been there for her no matter what.





In part three, nearly three months later, Crow begins to pay attention to the fact that he is losing track of time, neglecting his work and avoiding Rachel, who is trying everything she can to get him to snap out of it. She tells him, “Claire wouldn’t want you to fall apart, throw your life in the river”(1). He cannot stand hurting Rachel anymore, but is haunted by visions of Claire drowning. He feels his spirit is broken and that a demon is lurking inside him. Crow realizes that he must find a way to overcome his grief or he will lose everything, including Rachel. It is time for a transformation.


As he walks down by the river, Crow makes a final decision to end the suffering. He looks at his reflection and sees the past rising up out of the water as horrible masks, and he knows it is time to get rid of them all! “He owes it to Rachel, himself and maybe more importantly, to Claire’s spirit dancing somewhere out there over the water, still turning like the earth”(11). He feels the demons leaving him, like an exorcism, and “the flight of his soul on its’ long journey home”(11). He senses a form of healing taking place as he swims in the icy water and his creativity returning.


In part four, the conclusion, Crow returns home a new man, his emotional journey at its end and his transformation and healing complete. He is reminded of his grandfather and inspired to carve the animals of his people. He presents Rachel with the first of a series of sculptures, “Heron Growing Still With Water”(11). Crow is happy and wants to make Rachel happy also. There is hope for the future at last.


Works Cited


Niatum, Duane. Earth Power Coming “She Keeps the Dance Turning Like the


Earth.” Simon J. Ortiz. Tsaile, Arizona Navajo Community College Press,


18. 15-1








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Donnie Darko

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Donnie Darko is an intense, complicated movie loaded with hidden messages, comments on human behavior, and insights into the mysteries of life and the possibilities of time travel. On the surface the film is a poppy science culture flick, with white attractive actors and actresses playing roles viewers can look at and link to people within their lives. When one looks deeper into the movie, however, this superficial layer is peeled away revealing themes and ideas about people that are incredibly powerful. There is, however, a unifying theme within the film; people who are trying to live their lives “normal,” fitting into convenient roles that are comfortable versus those who venture out to be themselves. These opposite lifestyles interwoven together really show different ways humans act, and what those actions cause. Why have this dynamic? Is the director trying to say one way to live is better than another? Only the movie can lead us to an answer.


Donnie Darko is an outcast, but not in the conventional way. He has his friends, he lives in a middle to upper class white suburban home, and goes to a private school. These people he surrounds himself with, however, don’t really know who he is. In reality, he is a boy who keeps to himself, constantly drowning in problems with his “disease” and relationship issues with his families. When his life is saved by a six feet tall metal bunny rabbit from the future, Donnie has a choice; he can go on living his just saved life, or he can act out what this rabbit wants him to do. He owes something to this being who rescued him, and this is a chance for him to step out of his normal life and do extreme things. He gets to lash out any emotion he has (which on the surface is none) and make a difference. Donnie wants to change things. He brings up change when discussing Graham Greene’s book and, when walking with Gretchen mutters so she can barely hear him that maybe one day he’ll “change things.” This is his chance to break out of the monotony and be who he really is, which may be a superhero.


Gretchen is another character trying to start a new life, break away from her past. She doesn’t want to be the scared, helpless girl she was when her dad was around. She is not just going to be another person; she too is used to being away from the normal girl mold with her life experiences, and she’s not just going to go back. She is who she is, which is shown by people she’s hardly talked to (the bullies) knowing the history of her mother. She is who she is, and her past is nothing to hide; a trait very few teenage girls exemplify.


Karen, Donnie’s English teacher, is also trying to break herself, as well as her students, away from the cookie cutter way of life and learning. She is paving new way, being the progressive teacher in the conservative school. She presents her students with a controversial book, and forces her students to delve into things. When she is challenged for her actions, she stands strong, even though it eventually costs her job. Is the director trying to say this is the way to live? As who you are and for what you believe? If so he is not shy about showing the possible drawbacks from this; and repercussions from those who do not live that way.





Kitty Farmer, quite possibly the most annoying character in a movie ever, exemplifies the idea of living “the way you should” just because it is the thing to do. She is, in both ideals and style, straight out of the 150’s. She believes in good Christian upbringing and lifestyle, and doesn’t approve of anything out of the norm. Kitty, along with the help of Jim Cunningham, provides the second way of living the director is trying to compare Donnie, Gretchen, and Karen to. Jim Cunningham is an even more extreme version of Kitty, but his “normal” lifestyle is proven false.


After looking at these characters, it is the scenes between them that show the dynamic the director is trying to compare. There are many scenes involving the characters that not only show different ways to live, but how hard it is for them to coincide. Donnie Darko is in Kitty Farmer’s class when she wants to do an exercise inspired by Jim Cunningham’s video. There are two words written on the chalkboard; Fear and Love. Every situation that is presented to the class is supposed to be placed on the board, near either word. When Kitty asks Donnie to do this, he brings up a problem with the exercise, saying “you can’t just lump things into categories, things aren’t that simple.” Kitty replies with “the life line is divided that way” Donnie “Life isn’t that simple.” There is not a more obvious scene where the director makes the distinct difference of these two types of lifestyles. He again, however, doesn’t make it obvious which he is saying is better (if any).


Another great scene for recognizing this difference involves a character that is not very prominent in the movie, but in everyday life. This involves Karen and the principle of the high school, an authority figure hired to promote a normal, bland, commonplace life. When Karen is discussing how he doesn’t have a clue about these kids she mentions that “we are losing them to this prescribed nonsense,” showing her contempt for the normal system. His only reply is “I’m sorry that you have failed,” turning all responsibility of his own into her mistakes, he hasn’t done anything out of the norm. This in charge position is symbolized by another character trying to impose a way of living of everyone else, Jim Cunningham.


When there is an assembly for the school by Jim Cunningham promoting his no fear all love lifestyle, there is a chance for the audience to ask questions. Donnie takes this opportunity to “change things;” get the other students and teachers thinking about how living with this monotony is not smart. When Cunningham is challenged, he playes an easy card “You are a troubled and confused young man,” you are not like the rest of us. To which Donnie claims proudly “I am pretty troubled and I’m pretty confused and I’m afraid, actually, really afraid… but I think you’re the fucking antichrist.” He is stating for everyone in the room to know that he is not living like everyone else, he is jumping out of his shell, met with cheers from the crowd.


The director is not showing that being who you are for everyone to know is always best, or right, or easy. Donnie is obviously very troubled, with an extreme diagnosis, and dealing with therapy. Gretchen knows who she is but still gets upset when bullies tease her about her past, and Karen knows she has lost a battle when she loses her job. These people are who they are and unashamed, but paying for it. The characters who are living the way they feel they should, trying to impose their lifestyles on others also aren’t always happy or relaxed. Jim Cunningham breaks down in tears at the end of the film, showing that he is living a lie, and has created an image he doesn’t match; losing his sense of self. Kitty can’t even be there for her daughter at Start Search because she has to defend a man who doesn’t deserve it; she’s imposed his views on so many others now she must live with them herself. She needs to bring herself to ask the most complicating character for help, after doing what she can to bring her down.


Donnie’s mother, Rose, does not fit either lifestyle. She is not living in the traditional, molded way, but not acting out on her emotions as who she really is either. She is that in the middle; the gray area the director covers to show another way to live. Rose loves her son. She misses the Donnie she had and is afraid she might be losing him to his sickness. Towards the beginning of the movie she tries to talk to Donnie but is met by a cold stranger who calls her a bitch. This is obviously upsetting to her, but she is not ready to give up on her son. She visits his doctor, and wants to do anything she can to make him better. She is not the mother to sit quietly or be ashamed of her son. After the incident with Donnie and Mrs. Farmer Rose has an incident with her. During this conversation she not only expresses great concern for her son and what’s happening, but also doesn’t give in to Kitty’s nonsense. Kitty tells her that everyone must be on a path to righteousness and that she is concerned with her abilities as a mother. This doesn’t even faze Rose. She knows she is a good mother and this righteous rhetoric doesn’t mean anything, and it’s certainly not going to save her son. She also shows her willingness to stand up for what she believes at the PTA meeting. She calls Kitty out on her ridiculous notion to ban the Graham Green book, and tries to make Kitty look dumb by asking her if she even knows who that is. There is a time, however, when she does melt back into that mold; when Kitty needs her help.


Rose has a fairly normal life, with Donnie being the only complicating factor. She could choose to ignore him, forget about him, and concentrate on her husband and two daughters, but she doesn’t. She sticks by him even though he tries to push her away, and won’t give up on him. When she is asked to go with her daughter to Star Search she has to make a choice. Donnie has been through a lot lately and his therapist even wants to increase his medication. She goes though, knowing that although she loves Donnie and will be there for him forever, she needs to let him deal with some things on his own. It may be the only way he’ll ever get better. She is living in between the rest of the characters in the movie; not being too her, because it may cause her to lose her sense of self, but not being too molded, because she then just takes the shape of those around her.


Is this what the director is going for? Is he trying to say there is a happy medium? In the end of the movie the characters that lived in convenient boxes already set up for them don’t really end up happy. Jim Cunningham is shown sobbing, knowing he is living a lie, and Kitty can’t be with her daughter for the one thing she has shown any passion for throughout the whole movie. On other side, Gretchen will be alive, never knowing what she has missed, Karen is safe with her job, and Donnie has accomplished something he never has before. He has repaid all those he has loved; finally given something to those who meant something to him. He couldn’t show his mother he loved her, or Gretchen, or even his sisters. He was thankful to Karen, and this was the only way to thank them. They would never know he did it, but it is that peace within him that is important. What Donnie Darko did was heroic, and sprung from two very different emotions; fear and love. His fear for hurting all the people he would hurt if he was to continue living, and his love for them he was unable to show. Are Jim Cunningham and Kitty right? Is that the basis for everything we do? Donnie Darko was a complicated character, but he would have been a great example for any of





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Witness 2003

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T.Hussain � Witness


This report is a concise discussion of the tabulated results on the previous page.


The parts table shows the number of each type of crisp assembled, shipped, scrapped and rejected. It also shows that the average time taken to process a plain packet of crisps is longest whilst the average time taken to process a packet of cheesy crisps is shortest.


The Labor table shows the times that the Joe and Fred are busy or idle. It is evident that Fred is either a harder worker or his workload is considerably greater than Joe’s. Joe’s busy time is only %0.4! It also shows that Fred carries out much more work and the time taken to carry out that work is also longer.





The Buffer table shows that as parts move from B1 to B4, the parts held are reducing, however, the parts held at B5 and B6 are greater than the Buffer before them, this is due to a Bottleneck, which is Machine OP0.


We can also see from the Machine table that OP0 is idle for too long, the time taken for inventory to reach it is a lengthy process, but then also OP0 has to wait for a certain number of each of packet of crisp before it can begin processing family packs, Fred and Joe can help reduce this idle time by helping offloading tasks from the Buffers.


The conveyor length could also be reduced so parts can be processed at a faster rate, therefore increasing Output, without increasing labour time.


OP0 needs to wait for a certain number of non-bottleneck parts (different flavoured crisps) to arrive before it can make a family pack and ship any orders. I found this was a bottleneck after running the model for longer than the time suggested in the assignment (180mins/ hours). The inventory kept building up but the OP0 machine did not have the resources to process this inventory, which led to excess inventory piling up before the bottleneck, resulting in a very poor flow inventory throughout the model. I also noticed how the number of family packs was increasing steadily as more time was allowed, in other words the time taken to process a family pack became shorter each time, but this was only for a short period. After 180 mins, the output was only 1, but after allowing another 180 mins, the Output was 4! Watching the model run for approximately 15 hours, it became evident that the management of resources was very poor, especially when relating resources, i.e. excess inventory before the bottleneck (OP0). This may have been avoided with better flow of inventory throughout the model but the most obvious answer seems to be to share the workload of the bottleneck with Fred and Joe. Although Fred was busier than Joe, he was only busy for %1. of the time, which is not very much at all. They could take some responsibility for doing the same job as the OP0 manually, and therefore reduce inventory, increase Output and also decrease operating expense.





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The Future and Trends of Management

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Many say that history repeats itself at some point in time. As people grow up in life, they are taught the history of the world and its inhabitants. In our history, we have seen numerous forms of management amongst the many historic figures that have been pointed out to us. From kings and queens, to generals and entrepreneurs, the world has seen its share of different management. In the United States, powerful management and confidant leadership has helped this country become an independent and thriving entity. Since that time, the management and leadership styles have changed, and many trends have taken place.


Since the creation of the United States, managers and leaders have been a critical part of creating a stronger country. Through great knowledge and experience, leaders in the early armies motivated their soldiers to victory in the countless wars that the United States has faced. With great planning and management styles such as strategic thinking, these leaders persuaded the troops to give their life for their country. But during these times, management was in my opinion, a crude and inhumane practice. The same can be said for the private sector, other than in the military. In the past, wages and benefits were either non-existent or terrible, children used were used for labor, managers and owners were cruel to the workers, and work conditions were unbearable. But fortunately as times changed, so did the management styles and many of the business conduct laws.


Currently, employment and fair treatment laws have change the way organizations do business and treat their employees. The exploitation of child labor has been banned in the United States and so has the use of sweat shops. Managers are no longer allowed to hit or cruelly punish their employees. In private businesses and in the military, the term kindler and gentler has been adapted because of all the right that an employee now has. This has lead to a change in management. The need for more intelligent and quick thinking managers and leaders began to grow. Manager now need to have degrees and have a high level of experience to be considered for a position.


The future holds similar changes for the management groups of the United States and in the rest of the world also. As generations grow, they learn and become experts with the technology of their time. This means, that when they enter the workforce, they may be more knowledgeable on the new technology then their future management. To adjust for this, management will need to keep up to date with the new technology and they will have to have higher levels of education to be able to lead these newer generations of workers. With a higher base of knowledge to start with, managers will most likely be creating more detailed plans and strategies, and they will creating more efficiencies.





In the past, leaders and managers relied on human and animal messengers to pass critical information to other sectors of their business or their troops. This was an extremely long process that required having a lot more competent managers and leaders to do simple jobs. They were based on a large pyramid structure that most likely cost the company large amounts of revenue. With the much advancement in technology, mangers were given tools such as telephones, computers, internet, and faster means of parcel service. With more advancement being created with telecommuting, document exchange, portable communication devices, and various means of transportations, businesses will become more automated. As these businesses begin to become more automated, their sizes will decrease and so will their need for so many managers with in the ranks.


With all the automation and technology decreasing the need for so many mangers and leaders, these businesses will begin to evolve in a flat structure. There will be fewer managers and fewer workers performing the same jobs. These managers will need to be very savvy on the new technology, the automations and they will have to able to efficiently communicate with onsite and telecommuting employees. Manager will also be able to manage employees that are based world-wide. A lot of the conference may in the future be performed via video conferencing.


Currently, most of this change pertains mostly to non-factory, non-hard labor businesses and the military because they are run differently and require the human man-power. But technology will eventually reach these other fields also. Machines and robots with possible artificial intelligence, will replace the human man-power. Managers will now be dealing with the management of these robots or their controllers. Managers and leaders can create strategies and plans in teams and instantly send them to the workers, even world-wide.


Management will see many changes in the way they conduct business. But as many things in life have done, the past may repeat itself and management may see repetition of prior styles and trend. But as for the immediate future, management will molded by the changes of technology and the changes in the economy. References


Management theory, practice, & application. (000-00). University of phoenix. unimodule.


Apollo inc.


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recommendations for corparate social responsibilty regarding shell

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We have highlighted in this report all about Shell’s ‘unethical’ environmental and alleged socially unacceptable practices, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. But, has Shell recognised its wrongdoings and bad practices and the implications of these actions on the local environment and population?





Over the last eight years, Shell has undergone a massive change in its projected public image. In the last decade Shell was frequently receiving media attention for all the wrong reasons, from Brent Spar to human rights in Nigeria. However, Shell has worked hard to convince the world’s press and governments that it now practices sound social and environmental decisions.


In doing so Shell has internationally committed itself to many, publicly seen as ‘ethical’ ideals. For instance in 15, Shell announced that as an organisation it would practice the idea of ‘Sustained Development’. This is the concept within a business that growth and economic values are based on environmental quality. As a practice, this concept discourages natural resource consumption and high energy use.





Although, this idea at face value is excellent, in that it gives a good framework for environmental decisions, many of the world’s population may not understand what the ideals of sustained development are. As Shell is one of the world’s largest natural resource consumers it is contradictory, as one of its targets for 00 was a % increase in production of oil. Shell met this target by acquiring Enterprise Oil UK. As a concept and ideal, sustained development is there to provide guidelines, as mentioned earlier one of which is to discourage the consumption of natural resources. Shell cannot fully commit to this practice, as its main product is a natural resource. It seems laughable that shell even forwarded the concept in the first place as a basis for their environmental decision making.


If Shell is to practice this ideal successfully then it must actively promote the use of renewable sources of energy. It must be at the forefront of research into developing new sources of energy that won’t have negative impacts on the environment and its occupants. It must learn and be willing to show how to make these sources of energy available to the world’s population in an efficient and economical way.


In society today, concerns for the environment and the rights of workers and many stakeholders, are now being made aware to organisations on a larger and more frequent scale than ever before. It is therefore imperative that new models must be applied, and values and methods changed in order for organisations to deal with these concerns effectively.


In the case of Shell and its wrongdoings in Nigeria, the organisation has viewed the situation from a singular perspective, and that is of financial gain. This drive for profits in this region would have been enhanced as Nigeria as a country was not economically developed. Shell has attempted to abstract itself from the scenario, and distance itself from the controversial issues that have arisen due to the company’s actions in the region.


In distancing itself from the problem, it has led to Shell ‘relying solely on local site managers to sort out problems that are clearly beyond them’. Resolving these problems, experienced international personnel must meet with the local community in the Niger Delta, local site managers and representatives from the local government. Only by doing so can some of the cognitive barriers in place be removed, so that the situation can be dealt with as unique, and not simply one mass of ‘awkward’ information. A meeting such as this would enable quantifiable, measured results to be obtained, and more importantly for the ‘Ogoni’ people changes that they can see and feel, that are beneficial to them.


The demand for oil around the globe is immense and as long as this need is still present, oil companies such as shell will exist. As a result, these companies will still search for areas such as the Niger River Delta and more recently the Tarim Basin in Northwest China to extract their wealth.


In this process, such areas will occasionally suffer from environmental disasters as accidents do and will happen. However many can be prevented by using safe and modern up to date equipment. Many of the 76 oil spills that have happened in Nigeria between 161-1 have occurred on pipes that are almost 0 years old.


In the Shell annual report 00 it stated ‘… to give proper regard to health, safety and the environment consistent with are commitment to contribute to sustainable development’, this indicates that shell obviously understands the requirement of safe equipment. Unfortunately the Ogoni people in Nigeria have suffered an average of 4 oil spills per week on their homeland, often destroying the livelihoods of many a family.


Shell must be more responsive to these disasters in all aspects from cleaning up and returning the environment to it’s a original state, to compensating the local community for any loss or damages they may have incurred due to shells actions. Reaction times from shell must also improve, as in the case of Bernard Agbagwa he reported a spillage on the 8/08/00 and three years later is still waiting for shell to take action. Mr Agbagwa is 0 years old.


So, what can shell do to improve its stance on human rights, its performance concerning this aspect in Nigeria has been well documented. Shell is finally beginning to admit that it has to take action. Sir Phillip Watts has commented on the need for international regulation on corporate social responsibility, so that markets can work properly and meet society’s needs.


In order to help build relations with the Ogoni people Shell must publicly call for and cooperate in, an independent judicial inquiry into the situation in Ogoni, including the role of Shell staff and contractors, as well as the security forces, in past human rights violations. Shell must adopt company policies in support of human rights and establish procedures to ensure that company activities do not result in future human rights abuses





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monitary policy

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We are currently in an economic state of transition. The United States has been suffering from an economic recession, and now we are showing some slow positive progress. The Federal Reserve has been utilizing monetary policy to help our economy stabilize and grow. The Federal Reserve has been focusing on inflation and expansion and have been taking measures to help ensure economic stability.


The economy has been rebounding quicker than most of the prognosticators had predicted. Real gross domestic product has increased at an annual rate of -1/4 percent in the second quarter of the year. Real gross domestic product has also flourished at a rate of more than seven percent in the third quarter. The labor market which has been weakening has been showing signs of stabilizing. Almost 00,000 new jobs were created over the July-to-October period. Although the economy seems to be improving additional improvement needs to be made before our countrys labor and capital resources can be fully utilized. Before the most recent employment report, many commentators had portrayed this period as a jobless recovery period. Industrial production has only risen by percent from its cyclical downturn as compared to a 6-1/ percent increase in 10-1 and nearly 0 percent increase on average after the other post-war recessions (Ferguson, 00).


The consumer price index has been affected by changes in food and energy prices. The core measure that has excluded these components has slowed down over the past year. The core CPI is only up 1-1/4 percent from its past level one year ago. The performance indicates that the U.S. economy has obtained effective price stability. The achievement has been obtained by many factors economic slack, quicker productivity growth, steady inflation expectations, and the general publics confidence that the Federal Reserve is dedicated to keeping inflation under control. Current research has revealed that as inflation has decreased over the past two decades the sensitivity of prices to the level of resource utilization has also decreased. Unlike in the past periods, the presence of rising inflation is much less likely to effect the economy as activity improves and the output margin declines. Currently inflation seems more likely to decrease than to increase. Under the current circumstances the central bank has the ability to observe events before it is forced to confront the need to return the position of policy to a neutral position (Ferguson, 00).


Considering the high degree of uncertainty of the economic outlook in the current geopolitical environment, the members of the FOMC firmly believe that the most possible outcome will be that the fundamentals should support a strengthening of economic growth. Business caution is expected to decline over the span of the year to clearly identifiable signs of improving sales. At the present time inventories are lean relative to sales and restocking is expected to provide additional momentum to production in the period ahead. The fast pace of expansion of productivity, the waning effects of previous declines in household wealth, and the highly accommodative position of monetary policy should also continue to increase activity. Even though state and local governments are faced with budgetary problems, their control is likely to counteract only a small part of the stimulus from the past and future fiscal policy actions at the federal level. The strengthening economies of our key trading partners along with the improving competitiveness of U.S. products should be able to generate demand for our exports. In total of all of these factors the federal government has predicted that the country will move to a faster pace of economic expansion while inflationary pressure is expected to remain well contained (Monetary Policy and the Economic Outlook, 00).





Federal Reserve policymakers believe that the most likely outcome for this year will be an increase in the pace of economic expansion. They plan on focusing on economic expansion and maintaining inflation rates. The forces affecting demand this year seem to be on balance contributing to a strengthening of the economic expansion. Currently monetary policy remains extremely accommodative. The federal fiscal policy is and will likely continue to remain stimulative. State and local government spending will most likely continue to be restrained by significant budget challenges. Activity overseas is also expected to improve this year even if it is at a slower pace than in the United States. The increase in growth along with the improving competitiveness of U.S. products should create an increased demand for our exports. Large gains in productivity even though they are unlikely to be as large as in 00 should be able to continue to promote both household and business spending (Monetary Policy and the Economic Outlook, 00).


The Federal Reserve policymakers think that consumer prices will increase less this year than they did during 00, particularly if energy prices help turn around last years sharp rise. Resource utilization should remain adequately relaxed to exert further downward pressure on underlying inflation. The central tendency of the FOMC members projections is for increases in the chain-type price index for personal consumption expenditures (Monetary Policy and the Economic Outlook, 00).


The macroeconomic policies seem to be set for an increase in the pace of economic growth and stable inflation. The growth should be adequate enough to make meaningful progress in reducing the slack in our nations labor and capital resources. The amount of underutilized resources is still large and it may take a significant amount of time to be worked off completely. In the past, our economy has experienced cyclical turns and surprising shocks, and it has proved to be very resilient. It seems that the focus is firmly on stable growth and inflation rates with the hope of utilizing our countries resources and maintaining economic stability.


Resources


Ferguson, Roger. (November 1, 00). Economic outlook. Retrieved November 0, 00, from http//www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/00/00111/default.htm


Monetary Policy and the Economic Outlook. (February 11, 00). Retrieved November 0, 00, from http//www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/00/00110/default.htm





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