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It seems to be a constant discussion in the writings of Plato that Socrates does not fear death. As Socrates is pondering death to his peers after being condemned he says, “What would not a man give if he might converse with Orpheus and Musaeus and Hesiod and Homer? Nay, if this be true, let me die and die again” (5). He does not have any fear at all concerning death. However, could he be pleased about his execution? To me it seems that the reason that Socrates has no fear of death is because he is trying to die unjustly, thus insuring that his name will live on.


In the Crito dialogue, some of Socrates’ friends are attempting to free him from prison. They are trying to bribe the guards to turn their heads until they sneak him out of his cell. However, Socrates will not escape. Crito says, “The public will never believe that we were anxious to save you but you wouldn’t escape” (0). Socrates mentions that it would be an injustice if he were to try to escape, even though he believes that he has been sentenced to death unfairly. He simply sits in his cell and awaits his death. Socrates is looking for martyrdom through his own wrongful death.


Socrates, being a man of exceptional wisdom, understands what happens to men who are killed unjustly - especially when it is a man in a leadership position. They are raised to the level of a martyr. Immediately following his sentencing, Socrates says, “ Not much time will be gained, O’ Athenians, in return for the evil name which you will get from the detractors of the city, who will say that you killed Socrates, a wise man; for they will call me wise, even though I am not wise, when they want to reproach you” (). Socrates realizes that he is held in a very high regard by some of the more prestigious members of Athens. He also knows that by dying an unjust death, his name will be remembered for all times. Socrates states, “And I prophesy to you who are my murderers, that immediately after my departure punishment far heavier than you have inflicted on me will surely await you” (). Only by insisting on his own death could he insure his own immortality.


One could say that Socrates really wasn’t seeking death, but just playing in his Socratic tone of sarcasm. After all, he does end up attempting to buy his freedom from his accusers with 0 minae. Knowing that Socrates and his friends could come up with a possible amount of money to save him, it is conceivable that he was trying to save himself. Socrates definitely has his own way of dealing with everyday problems that differs from the majority of us. Maybe he was simply toying with everyone around him. However, if he was really trying to save himself, why didn’t he suggest to pay a fine in the first place? After being convicted wrongly and awaiting sentencing, Socrates suggests that his punishment should be served in the Prytaneum. He means that he should be served lunch for free for the rest of his life. Of course Socrates’ sarcasm pours through these words like a waterfall, but, when faced with death, defining your own punishment should be something that would not upset the people who have the control over your life. Socrates is not even trying to save himself. He is merely making a mockery of the system. He is not fighting in anyway to prolong his death.





Another argument could be that Socrates himself does not really know if death is a good thing or a bad thing. Although he has no fear of death, he has very little true knowledge of it either. Socrates states, “I will not say of myself that I deserve any evil, or propose any penalty. Why should I? Because I am afraid of the penalty of death which Meletus proposes? When I do not know whether death is a good or an evil” (). Socrates is wise enough to question death. The fact that Socrates is open to the idea of not knowing whether death is a good or bad thing could point to the awareness of his own humanity. In being human, Socrates would not wish an evil upon himself. He knows that the penalty could be something horrific.


As an opposition to this, no one has true knowledge of death. Not even Socrates. In time Socrates would die anyway, but dying of old age would be an honest death - not one that would help to make his name live on. It would be better to die unjustly and leave a legacy than it would be to die and leave a small following that might drizzle out in a short time.


The fact that Socrates’ name still lives on to this day may be all of the proof needed to say that he did what he had to do to insure his own death. He had the chance to escape, but he declined. He held his constant Socratic sarcasm throughout the trial, and he prophesized being a martyr at the trial to his accusers. He just seemed too calm and relaxed for a man looking death in the face. It is one thing to not fear death, but it is all together another to embrace it. Had Socrates argued a little harder in his own defense the ending may have ended up much different, but is that what Socrates would have wanted?


REFERENCES


Plato (186), The Dialogues of Plato. New York, NY Bantam Books





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Junk Food Killing Ourselves with Generosity


Feeling hungry? How about pizza, burgers, French fries and cola, or chicken patties, deep-fried? Are you thirsty? Then how about a milk shake or soda? Perhaps you want something sweet? Candy bars and crisps should do the trick. The truth is we love fast food. We love it even more if its deep fried in fat, full of salt, stacked with sugar and countless numbers not to mention flavored pulp.


There are over 00,000 fast food outlets in the US alone. Fast food, junk food, call it what you like, but its taking over our world. Junk food is fast, convenient, sadly predictable and everywhere. Our nutrition comes in a box, our thirst is quenched in a carton. No matter where we are in the world it seems junk food is there to comfort us. We think we know what were getting and we like it very much.


The only trouble is, junk food just does not feel the same way about us. Nutrition experts tell us that fast food is often high in calories, sodium, fat and cholesterol. Who cares? It tastes good and it smells good. How bad can that be? After all, its all around us, frozen in the supermarket and stacked in vending machines. We see the proof of our addictions, flashed across our TV screens hourly. The key words are Quick and Tasty and wherever we are, its never very far away.





National conglomerates spend millions endorsing games and toys with their drinks and burgers. Surely they wouldnt try and sell us food that is bad for us? These same companies give even more millions to our schools and colleges. Theyre funding our lifestyles and education. All the schools and colleges have to do is ensure we have easy access to that vending machine at all times of the day. All we have to do is to buy and eat and drink the cheap colourful products stacked up inside. Everyday and all day that is exactly what we do.


How wonderful this is on the cusp of the twenty first century. After all our time is in such short supply. We dont have time to cook. Were busy people, freed from the labour of the kitchen. Ping! That microwave meal is ready. The re-cycled packaging is already in the trash. The TV dinner soon consumed, we slump on the couch our only exercise being to switch the remote control.


How many of us realize that our diet and the way we eat and promote fast food is doing us serious damage? The US Department of Health and Human Services estimates that half a million deaths annually are due to cancer, heart disease, strokes and diabetes. They say that these deaths are directly linked to what we are eating. The fact is junk food kills as many Americans as tobacco.


It doesnt seem to matter to us that both tooth decay and obesity are on the rise in teens and adults. According to the Center for disease Control and Prevention more than half of all adults are now overweight or obese. Obesity rates in children and teens have doubled in size since the late 170s. Their problems with heart disease are all in the future. The funny clown wont be around by then. Hell be close to death, his arteries clogged up. His cardiovascular disease will be about to finish him off. This will be as a result of a process that will have started when he was five or six, a process that once begun, is irreversible. His bones will be brittle and weak. His teeth will have fallen out. Still, maybe hell still be able to polish off a milk shake flavored with a spoonful of pulp.


One average burger meal contains, hidden amongst the beef and cereals, additives and flavorings, ten teaspoons of salt. Ten! Trying eating that on its own and see how you feel. Theres enough sugar in a soda, along with the fruit pulp, to fill up your hands. How about that for healthy food? Now pile on the spoonfuls of fat that make up burgers and candy alike. Would you want to feed that to a child? Would you even eat it yourself?


We know that smoking is bad for us, though it was not always thought so. We know that drinking alcohol causes major damage and impairment to our bodies. We dont offer young children and teens these lethal toxic substances. Surely we should at least try and stop them filling up their bodies with unnecessary and harmful food and drink.


Kids love fast food. We treat them to it. Its all around them. Its not bad in moderation or as part of a balanced diet, say the experts. The truth is most of us have no idea what a balanced diet is. Kids love fast food because its all they see. They are being manipulated with advertising and so are we. Researchers at the University of Toronto have discovered that fat rich diets are not only bad for your heart, liver and teeth; they may also impair essential brain functions like concentration and memory. The quick fix buzz we get from eating sugar-drenched candy, is exactly that, a quick fix. Soon after we slump and become lethargic.


We all want to do right by our children and ourselves. Parents find it a continual struggle to encourage healthy eating habits. They are up against fierce competition in this hectic day and age. Pretty soon there will be a generation of parents who will never know what life was like before the advent of burger chains and fast food outlets. Ill health and obesity will be normal. High blood pressure and coronary disease will be rife.


It does not have to be so! Education is the key. We should make it our business to find out what we are eating and what we should be eating. Our schools and colleges have come to rely on the revenue from the peddlers of junk food. Shouldnt we have the right to demand that some of this revenue is put directly into education on nutrition and the availability, even promotion of a balanced diet? Shouldnt we be teaching children about a diet that includes, high fiber and natural energy giving foods. A diet that is low in calories and saturated fats is better for us. Vegetables are a major source of our protein and vitamins. We should be incorporating these into our daily intake. We should not just rely on a small printed list on the side of a carton that we do not even understand. Obesity and disease will not vanish purely as a result of a healthy diet. Exercise should be incorporated too. A healthier diet though, is a major start.


Knowledge is good, but it is not enough. After all whatever we say, if junk food is all that is on offer, what kind of choice is that? The US government does spend money on promoting healthy eating. A mere one million dollars compared to more than a billion dollars spent by one fast food chain alone in promoting its products. Our government needs to initiate campaigns and policies to enable people to eat well and be active. Above all we need to clamp down on the junk food ads. We must try to eat healthier.


You must find out what exactly you are eating. Make it your business to know what is going into your system. You will feel better for it. You will look better for it. Who knows you might even be able to think with a razor sharp mind. Then youd know that in eating junk food you are killing yourself with kindness. Perhaps then youd reach for the ultimate in pre-packed snacks, a banana!


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Sara Payson Willis Parton was a vocal feminist, constantly writing in defense of women’s rights. She believed women were as smart as men, and should be allowed to follow any career they chose. She wrote about birth control, divorce, education for women, sexism in religion and marriage, and women’s poverty. Her writings are very funny, and her witty criticisms and satires of sexist men drew a lot of attention. Her ideas were way ahead of her time, and people often didn’t agree with her .In this essay, I will examine the life of Fanny Fern, and discuss how the society she came from played a major role in influencing her writings.


Notoriously known as Fanny Fern, Sara was born in Portland, Maine, and was originally named Grata Payson after the mother of the Congregational minister Edward Payson, whose sermons had influenced her father in a immensely. She was the fifth of nine children born to Nathaniel and Hannah Willis. In the early 17th century, her predecessors had come from England to Massachusetts. Her paternal grandfather edited a Whig journal during the Revolutionary War, and her father published an anti-federalist organ, the Eastern Augus in Portland. A libel suit forced him back to Boston when Sara was a year old. There he started a printing business, and published one of America’s first religious newspapers, the British Recorder.


As a child, Fern’s witty personality earned her the nickname of “Sal Volatile.” She attended school in Hartford, Connecticut at the seminary of Catherine Beecher. When she returned to Boston, she often contributed to her father’s Youth Companion. She married a wealthy banker named Charles H. Eldredge in May, 187.Together they had three children, Mary in 18, Grace Harrington in 1840, and Ellen Willis in 1844. This seemingly wonderful time in her life was ended by tragedy; the death of her mother, daughter Mary, and husband in 1846.Unable to find work, Fern was forced to financially rely upon her father because the law held that once a woman was married, all her property was to be turned over to her husband, and now that her husband was dead she was left with nothing. Her second marriage in 184 to Samuel P. Farrington ended in divorce three years later. Fern had left Farrington which was almost impossible to do at this point in society.


At the times she was living in, it was believed that a woman’s place was in the home. Societal views held that women were to be the homemakers, while the occupations in the outside world were to be left to the men. “It was an age when women were preferred as angels rather than amazons, homemakers rather than careerists.” (Donald & Randall 1).





Once again on her own, she attempted teaching and sewing. However she made so little that she had to give up her daughter Grace. Fed up, she decided to ignore the “inferior” tag that society pinned on her, and join the male dominated world of journalism. She decided to write and used the pseudonym “Fanny Fern.” The Mother’s Assistant, the True Flag, and the Olive Branch, small Boston magazines, published some of her work in 1851. Before long, many newspapers reprinted these amusing paragraphs.


Her journalistic career now on its way, got the attention of publisher James C. Derby from Auburn, New York. He gathered her writings together and published them in 185 as Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio. It became an immediate bestseller in both America and England. Robert Bonner, owner of the New York Ledger, placed her on his payroll in 1855 at the astounding salary of $100 for a regular weekly column. This made her one of America’s first women columnists.


Having to live in a society like hers was difficult; such denials of equal opportunity gave rise to advocates of women’s rights. Fern, like other feminists spread the word of injustices to all who would listen through her powerful writings. She also wrote about the problems and status of female authors.


In “Hints to Young Wives,” Fern wittingly writes about the roles of women at her time


The minute she sees her husband coming up the street, she makes for the door, as if she hadn’t another minute to live, stands in the entry with her teeth chattering in her head till he gets all his coats and mufflers, and overshoes, and what-do-you-call-‘ems off, then chases round(like a cat in a fit) after the boot-jack;warms his slippers and puts ‘em on, and dislocates her wrist carving at the table for fear it will tire him.


She feels that women have been blindly led into a belief that their purpose on earth is to serve men. “Hints to Young Wives” is a typical newspaper article by Fanny Fern, published in the Boston Olive Branch in February of 185. This piece demonstrates the intimacy in which Fern speaks to her reader. Fern’s style is simple. She uses common diction and short sentences to mimic conversational tone. “Hints to Young Wives” is about a woman desperately trying to warn young wives about their sneaky husbands. I like this article because she uses humor to get her point across, instead of tearing up and pouting about the horrible situation.


In Blackwell’s Island No. , Fanny Fern touches on the taboo subject of prostitution. She warns the readers that the article maybe offensive to some but bluntly compares the roles of prostitute and Johns. Men may pursue sexual pleasures because they deserve that right. Women who serve those rights should be locked up and never thought of again.


The idea that mother’s introduce their very own daughters to future husbands, perpetuates the never ending chain of events-men have the right to cheat and pursue sexual pleasures. Fern touches on this same subject in Hints to Young Wives. In her time, mother’s had no greater pleasure than to marry their daughter to a respectable gentleman. These “respectable” males in turn deserve to gratify themselves outside of the marriage arena. Women considered prostitutes the lowest form of life and pretended that they didn’t exist. Prostitutes were on every corner in New York. Many had no other choice but to earn a living in this fashion. Men on the other hand, were not penalized for this behavior. Their sexual needs were part of their very being.


Men considered their lives monotonous, even though at the end of the day their shops are closed, and all day in work they conversed with adults. Women, on the hand, are always tending to family-never ‘closing shop’ at the end of the day. Should not a woman be able to pursue the same forms of excitement as a man?


Fern in her article also touches upon her religious views. God created humans equal in that everyone must follow the same Ten Commandments. She believes that the seventh commandment is meant to be followed by both men and women. Society has given men their stamp of approval to disregard God’s commandment. Society has dictated that men not only need these activities because they are physically different, but actually deserve to act out these behaviors because of their ‘lack of luster’ lives. When women work as prostitutes, not only are they breaking the laws of society and should be thrown in jail, but they are also breaking God’s laws and should be cast to hell for all eternity.


Fanny exposed the double standard of her times, but sadly enough most women also perpetuated females as not deserving life’s pleasures.


In Mrs. Adolph’s Smith Sporting, Fern comments on the shortcomings of males, in a delightful, comical, and well-written paragraph. She exposes the incapability of men to survive without women. At the same time it is clear that the woman is in charge, and has total control over the whole situation. Mother finds all missing items, feeds the family, tends to the ill, and fights the battle. Men can do one thing at a time while women perform many tasks.


Fanny’s commentary on prison life, Blackwell’s Island, differs from most of her essays in that its focus is on society’s punishment system rather than women’s role in society. This article enlightens the reader to the penal’s systems, and societies failure to serve those convicted of crimes. This seems like one of a few articles that does not paint women in need of liberation. Criminals are imprisoned for crimes and people feel they should be locked up. Fanny sees humanity in the faces of the prisoners. She questions just how people become involved in a life of crime. Is it the will of God or society? When a prison is struggling along, does society lend a helping hand? She speaks of housing (modern day half-way house??) and jobs being available. She believes that society has a duty to save itself. After serving their punishment, prisoners should not be branded as convicts, but blended back into society. She notes that society comes around passing out Bibles and shouting out God’s word, but offering no responsibility in the plight. It seems as though Fanny is a spokesperson for the mistreated beings in her society.


The article recites to the modern day reader that women in the 1800’s even Fanny, had a softer side. Women had the idea that institutions, jobs, and money would give criminals self respect. This self respect would deter them from committing crimes. This idea works for some but not for others.


Fanny again draws from some of her religious beliefs. Society should not condemn, but try to prevent further criminal acts.


In all, Fanny Fern was a woman ahead of her time. She saw the injustices of her society, took notes, and wasn’t afraid to share what she felt with the world. She was a brave woman who turned her life tragedies into a powerful force that kept her strong. She laughed in the faces of those who made it seem that women were inferior to men, and pulled the wool from the eyes of foolish women who believed that their only role in life was to serve men. She put the wheels in motion for women’s rights, and for that reason Fern has helped make the lives of women better today.





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T.Hussain � Witness


This report is a concise discussion of the tabulated results on the previous page.


The parts table shows the number of each type of crisp assembled, shipped, scrapped and rejected. It also shows that the average time taken to process a plain packet of crisps is longest whilst the average time taken to process a packet of cheesy crisps is shortest.


The Labor table shows the times that the Joe and Fred are busy or idle. It is evident that Fred is either a harder worker or his workload is considerably greater than Joe’s. Joe’s busy time is only %0.4! It also shows that Fred carries out much more work and the time taken to carry out that work is also longer.





The Buffer table shows that as parts move from B1 to B4, the parts held are reducing, however, the parts held at B5 and B6 are greater than the Buffer before them, this is due to a Bottleneck, which is Machine OP0.


We can also see from the Machine table that OP0 is idle for too long, the time taken for inventory to reach it is a lengthy process, but then also OP0 has to wait for a certain number of each of packet of crisp before it can begin processing family packs, Fred and Joe can help reduce this idle time by helping offloading tasks from the Buffers.


The conveyor length could also be reduced so parts can be processed at a faster rate, therefore increasing Output, without increasing labour time.


OP0 needs to wait for a certain number of non-bottleneck parts (different flavoured crisps) to arrive before it can make a family pack and ship any orders. I found this was a bottleneck after running the model for longer than the time suggested in the assignment (180mins/ hours). The inventory kept building up but the OP0 machine did not have the resources to process this inventory, which led to excess inventory piling up before the bottleneck, resulting in a very poor flow inventory throughout the model. I also noticed how the number of family packs was increasing steadily as more time was allowed, in other words the time taken to process a family pack became shorter each time, but this was only for a short period. After 180 mins, the output was only 1, but after allowing another 180 mins, the Output was 4! Watching the model run for approximately 15 hours, it became evident that the management of resources was very poor, especially when relating resources, i.e. excess inventory before the bottleneck (OP0). This may have been avoided with better flow of inventory throughout the model but the most obvious answer seems to be to share the workload of the bottleneck with Fred and Joe. Although Fred was busier than Joe, he was only busy for %1. of the time, which is not very much at all. They could take some responsibility for doing the same job as the OP0 manually, and therefore reduce inventory, increase Output and also decrease operating expense.





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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Alfred Stieglitz. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Alfred Stieglitz paper right on time.

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Alfred Stieglitz is known as one of the greatest masters of photography. He photographed everything that he experienced and helped people see that art is a means of communication and expression. The way he saw an image was directly affected by his emotions at the time, and he learned how to manipulate the photographs to convey those emotions.


In the late 180s, Stielglitz recalled the painters he knew envied his medium because he could produce the same results as they could. However, they would not consider photography an art because it was machine-made.


Stieglitz worked editing the American Amateur Photographer from 18 to 186, when he founded Camera Notes, a camera club in New York. He edited for Camera Notes until 10. He exhibited work by several photographers, and established a gallery in 105. In 108, Stieglitz showed work by Matisse and some of Rodin’s drawings. His photographic vision had reached past photography and into all forms of art and expression. He exhibited work by Picasso, Georgia O’Keeffe, and some African sculpture as well. The diversity of the work he showed reflected his opinion that the newly emerging held much higher importance than repetition.


Alfred Stieglitz continued to exhibit other artists’ work as well as his own and worked with the Anderson Galleries and the Intimate Gallery, as well as An American Place. It was through these galleries that he shaped American modern art.





Stieglitz believed in true, original work and when asked if some of his prints could be reproduced he scoffed and explained that everything that makes his photographs what they are would be lost in a reproduction.





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Your negative opinion on supply marketing boards in Ontario can be reversed it will not take long. Supply Marketing Boards are organized and managed by governments to make sure that there is a stable supply of agricultural commodities for consumers and the food industry. Marketing Boards work by joining producers together in an agreement that enables them to control markets by selling the products at a price and the quota established by the marketing board. The government controls the amount of these products that are imported and imported from other countries. Producers of supply-managed commodities had the highest on-farm income at $,70for poultry and egg, and $6,00 for dairy. These producers also had the lowest percentage of income coming from off-farm employment, which was 4.8 percent and .6 percent. Supply marketing boards provides producers with fair returns and consumers with quality products and fair prices. It also promotes stable economic activity in the rural areas of our province.


Benefits to the producer


One of the problems that farmers face is that when they bring their products to market they don’t know what price they are going to get. Through supply marketing boards farmers no longer have to worry about this issue because they are given a fixed quota at a fair price allowing them to earn a reasonable income. With Supply Marketing Boards they now have knowledge of how much revenue or income they will be receiving at the end of the year. In a free market they have to worry about losing money when there is low prices or when there is overproduction in the marketplace. The government provides a limit on the amount of goods that is produced to sell in the market.


Small farmers are disadvantaged because large farm operations can produce a greater amount of supply and can sell their product at a lower price because their cost to produce is lower. Under this system it forms an alliance with the farmers instead of having them compete against one another. An action called Price Pooling is performed when all the sales are deposited into pool accounts. All the farmers receive a payment upon delivery. Farmers receive a final payment in accordance to the returns exceeding the sum of total payments. If the returns do not exceed the sum then the federal government makes up the difference. This occurs to avoid the risk of bankruptcy between inadequate farm industries or a great loss.





Benefits to the consumer


Supply management benefits the consumer in numerous ways. Consumers pay a steady, fair price in the market for the agricultural products they would be interested in purchasing and can be assured of a consistent supply. Consumers of the food industry do not have to worry about shortages as well as a disruption in supply. Shortages can cause economic disruption.


Farmers are not under pressure to diminish the quality, to include additives or hormones to affect the quality of the product. Under supply management, farmers know they have a good market and do not have to save money by supplying the market with efficient quality products. It is a high priority to supply consumers with high quality goods.


Benefits for the ECONOMY


Marketing Boards provide National Security for Canada because they allow Canada to become dependent on local products. Disruption in supply can occur from trade disputes or diseases such as Mad Cow Disease. It allows stable production, avoids shortages, and over supply in the market place. This allows industries and consumers a steady supply. Stable Prices provide consumer with a stable, fair price including providing farmers with stable income. Stable prices are necessary to help any economy function properly. They help to keep farm employment constant and help rural areas maintain a stable economy.


Conclusion


Without Supply Marketing Boards there would be many economic problems in Canada. Farmers do not lose because of over production, small farm industries are at an advantage, and farmers have knowledge of their income coming in. Consumers do not worry about shortages, consumers receive quality goods, and they pay a reasonable price for their products. The economy is provided with national security, stable production, and stable supply. Supply Marketing Boards are beneficial to everybody, the producer, the consumer, and the Canadian economy. We need Supply Management in Ontario to keep our economy stable.








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Henrik (Johan) Ibsen (188-106) was born at Skien, a small lumbering town of southern Norway. His father was a well-known general merchant in the community until 186, when he suffered the horrible disgrace of going bankrupt.(Ibsen, 8) As a result, he sank into more debt and the family suffered. There was no redeeming the family misfortunes; as soon as he could, aged just 15, Henrik moved to Grimstad. It was there that he began to write. He supported himself meagerly as an apothecarys apprentice while studying nights for admission to the university. As he waited patiently he began to write plays. It was from this first writing that he began a career that would carry him through the nineteenth century and into today.


Writers are often called names. Some of these names aren’t so nice. To be called “the father” of something can only mean that you must have what it takes in your writing to define the very term that you are being associated with. Joan Gassner has decided that Henrik Ibsen is “the father of modern drama”.(Gassner, 1) But is this title worthy? What is it about Ibsen’s work that seems to fit so well into this mold? Also, why is Ibsen so closely tied to realism? These are questions that I hope to answer in the following text. So to begin, we must first define what is realism?


From 185 to 100 most of the plays that were being produced were melodramas, spectacle plays, comic operas and vaudevilles. (Wilson, 7). The theatre was alive and well and was taking many different forms. And then something happened. Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species in 185 and began to stir up the scientific community. Darwin believed that people were controlled by heredity and environment and that most of human behavior was out of our control. For the first time people were beginning question the origins of man. There were more questions than answers. August Comte, a prominent sociologist developed a theory known as Positivism, which was based on cause and effect. This was another principle that had not really been looked upon at the time. This was beginning to influence those people in the philosophy community. Karl Marx was teaching a new brand of political philosophy that stressed equality in wealth. The atmosphere was just right for a new kind of theatre.


Realism, in its most basic form, attempts to create the illusion of everyday life onstage (Wilson, 7). Even thought the audience knows that they are watching a play, the actors onstage present a very pure form of theatre. There are actions and reactions that create a cause and effect relationship between the characters. It’s not abstract or absurd, but very linear and scientific. It may seem to some that all theatre is real, but this is was not the case at the time. Melodramas and spectacle plays were “bigger than life” and therefore were not very realistic. This was a new era for theatre and Henrik Ibsen used this principle in most of his work. There were other writers that used realism at the time.





Emile Augier(180-188) wrote plays about contemporary conditions and Alexandre Dumas fils was writing “thesis plays” about some of the social problems at the time. Ibsen is recognized as a pillar of the realism movement because every one of his plays is a model to some degree of realism.(Johnston, )


In 1881 he wrote Ghosts which deals with the sins of the father that are transferred to the son in the form of syphilis. This was the first time that such a secretive subject had been presented to the public. Pillars of Society deals with the concept of war and business, and A Doll’s House the main female character leaves her family at the end of the play to pursue a new life. All of these plays deal with human nature and contemporary theatre students often analyze their content. They offer us a glimpse of the very reality that became a halmark of Ibsens work.


One of the most important differences from Ibsens plays and the plays that proceeded him was the way that Ibsen treated the inner “secret lives” of some of the characters. (Ibsen, 11). The effects that Ibsen created were not based on most of the ordinary dramatic action. Ibsen wanted to expose the secret inner lives of the characters. He wanted the audience to see the very things that are often hidden by people in everyday life. One critic wrote that Ibsens work is a “drama of the mind”(Ibsen, 1) Much like an iceberg, the largest portion of the story remains unseen by the naked eye. You have to dig really deep to get all the meaning that is found in an Ibsen play. Everything has a story that needs to be told. Ibsen felt that the actors must sustain a consistent, unbroken line of thought. This makes some of his plays seem very intense. The characters are very focused. Stanislavski would of agreed to the acting style that Ibsen preferred for his actors. He felt they should mirror the actions of humans and should create the illusion of reality on the stage.


One of Ibsen’s best examples of realism is in the play A Doll’s House. Even the title of the play gives us an example of some of the symbolism that he used throughout his work. There weren’t many things that Ibsen found worthy of imitation.(Lebowitz, ) In A Doll’s House Ibsen shows the audience the spiritual awakening of Torvald, the husband and Nora his wife. Both of the characters live in a false reality. Everything in the first scene seems perfect. The way they talk to one another and there actions tell the story of the perfect couple. As the play moves forward we begin to see that although Nora seems to have it all, in reality she is not happy with her situation. She is a woman that is trapped in this doll’s house that her husband has created. There is a lot of shock value in the last scene. Nora says goodbye to her family and all she has known and leaves the “Doll’s House”. Audiences at the time were so shocked that they erupted at the end of the play (Goldman,15). It is not as shocking now, but at the time it was just unheard of for a woman to leave her family. This play represents many different facets of realism. It is a tribute to all that is wrong with some relationships. What makes the play work is the dialog. You learn a great deal about the two main characters from the things that they say. There is nothing new about the problems that are presented, but it was new to present them so openly. There is a definite cause and effect relationship in most of Ibsens work. A problem is presented and worked through.


Ghosts also caused quit a bit of furor. There was much criticism at the initial presentation in 181. On critic called the piece “an open drain; a loathsome sore unbandaged; a dirty act done publicly”. And more attacks came even years after the play was produced. Why did Ibsen’s plays create so much controversy? What about his work made people stand up and yell?


Ibsen was very open about how he wrote. He repeatedly spoke of his main purpose in writing dramatic dialog was to make it “completely faithful and realistic” (Ibsen, 0) This is what made Ibsen’s work seem so shocking. Ibsen tended to start with a theoretical problem or a theme. After this he would begin to shape the raw material into actions and visual symbolism. His characters are very gritty and I think that he showed us what was behind some of the masks that we wear in everyday life. Perhaps people at the time were just not ready to see what they already knew existed. Life is not one big happy play, and although we all may play a part, the story is often a tragedy.


Drama is “ a series of real events having dramatic unity and interest.” It also means to do or to act. In a dramatic piece the characters are interacting with each other as they work towards developing the plot. There are also many different types of dramas. Man versus nature. Man versus himself. Good versus evil. With a good drama the audience suspends their disbelief and the true magic of theatre happens. Henrik Ibsen was great in writing this kind of drama. His characters are full of life and vitality. The words seem to bring the characters to life and the problems seem very real.


Ibsen wrote An Enemy of the People as a direct response to some of the critisims that he had recieved from Ghosts. (Ibsen, ) In a letter to his publisher he wrote “I have enjoyed writing this play...” An Enemy of the People has always been one of his more popular plays and often finds it’s way into the readings in college theatre classes. It was immediately produced in Scandinavia and Germany. It has also remained very popular in England. It is another tale of lies and deceit and how they play a part in our everyday lives.


The Wild Duck was produced in 1884 and it illustrates many of the techniques used by Ibsen. It was a reproduction of the actions of middle and lower class people. Once again Ibsen turned for the common man for entertainment. Ibsen, in the dialog, abandoned some of his older asides and soliloquies. Instead the characters reveal themselves as they would in life with indirect statements (Brockett, 15). As Ibsen got older he used this technique more and more. He liked The Wild Duck and in a letter to his publisher Ibsen wrote “For the last four months I have worked at it every day and it is not without a certain feeling of regret that I part from it.” This has remained one of theatre student’s favorite plays.


In Rosmersholm, Ibsens next play, her created one of the most provocative and dramatic female characters-Rebekka West. The play is packed with hidden forces, statements and shadowy characters that seem to shift before our eyes (Ibsen, 0). It also has a lot of meaning in it. Like most of Ibsen’s plays there are undertones, lies, and exposure. Some critics have compared it to Macbeth because of its structure. It was also popular at the time of its release.


Ibsen went on to produce The Lady from the Sea, Hedda Gabler, and The Master Builder. Of these three plays many believe The Master Builder to be the most timeless. IT could have been produced 50 years ago or ten. When he was writing this play he was just getting over an Austrian girl that he had spent a year with. There is also a great deal of Ibsen himself in the character Solness,. This was his most autobiographical writings and you can learn a lot about Ibsen just by listening to the characters in this play.


Like all great artists, Ibsen was a man with a thousand faces. He was very complex and although a lot of people knew him, only his wife understood him fully. He had as many secrets as some of his finest characters. In a speech to students at Oslo in 1874 Ibsen made a very important and revealing statement “All I have written...I have mentally lived through. Partly I have written on that which only by glimpses, and at my best moments I have felt stirring vividly within me as something great and beautiful.” (Ibsen, 1)


Ibsen’s work is great and it is beautiful. He produced a total of 1 plays during his lifetime. He should be known as the “father of realism”. His work in this field and his approach to theatre mirror the very essence of this art form.


In realism, as discussed earlier, the artist attempts to create “the illusion of everyday life onstage”. Ibsen’s plays do this and they do it in a way that is natural. From A Doll’s House to An Enemy of the People Ibsen explores those inner secrets and the hidden desires of characters. The plays reveal the more secretive side to life. If Darwin stirred up the scientific community by asking them to change there perception of humanity then Ibsen did the same with the artistic community. Positivism was teaching a cause and effect relationship and Ibsen was showing it onstage. Marx was preaching about equality in wealth and Ibsen was showing us the lower and middle classes. I feel that Ibsen used realism to create the illusion of reality. Because reality is so harsh we have to understand that it is only a play, but we are left to ponder the difference between our own lives and the characters on stage. This is what realism is all about. It makes us ask ourselves what is the true drama in life. Why is fact stranger then fiction? Why do people enjoy watching other people so much?


Ibsen answered all of these questions at some time or another in his work and we have him to thank for his contribution. Although Henrik Ibsen was never fully appreciated during his lifetime, he has since come to be recognized as one of the great dramatists of all time and the Father of Modern Drama. His plays will continue to find their ways into the hands of young theatre students and teachers a like. His work will live on and continues to thrive in theatres across the country.


Works Cited


Ibsen, Henrik. Eight Plays by Henrik Ibsen. Trans. Eva Le Gallienne. New York Modern Library, 151.


Wilson, Edwin. Living Theater An Introduction to Theater History. New York McGraw-Hill, 18.


Brockett, Oscar G. Plays for the Theatre. Second Ed. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 174


Lyons, Charles R. Critical Essays on Henrik Ibsen. Boston G. K. Hall, 187.


Lebowitz, Naomi. Ibsen and the Great World. London Louisiana State Press, 10.


Goldman, Michael. Ibsen The Dramaturgy of Fear. New York Columbia University Press, 1.


Johnston, Brian. Realism and A Doll’s House. Retreaved May 8th from http//ibsenvoyages.com.00


See the bottom of above


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The United States of America advanced a sporting event into worldwide media frenzy. On January 6, 00 individuals worldwide received information and entertainment for Super Bowl XXXVII. The setting was Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego; the teams playing are insignificant to the true capital venture of the game. From Super Bowl I to Super Bowl XXXVII the actual victor of the game has been lost in the sea of media that surrounds the venue.


Super Bowl XXXVII saw every form of mediation used to attract, inform, advertise and entertain people throughout the world. The game can be separated into three categories, the pre-game, actual competition and post-game. The pre-game and post-game are covered by all forms of media, from television, radio, internet, newspaper, magazine, fliers, word-of-mouth and all other imaginable forms of media. These two categories surround the actual game and are produced by agencies that hire credible authors, broadcasters and analysts to narrate. The information provided in the pre-game consist of predictions, along with information surrounding the teams and entertainment during the game, such as, half time shows and advertisements. The post-game media simply recaps the event and in some areas discussing how the audience and the economy will be affected by corporate advertisement that took place during the game. The game is the reason for media hype and publication. During the event media is narrowed to real-time forms of mediation, including television, radio, attendance and Internet. The event itself is portrayed to the largest audience through means of television broadcast.


The American Broadcast Channel had the sole rights to Super Bowl XXXVII broadcast. The American Broadcast Channel (ABC) outbid the big broadcasting companies such as FOX, NBC and CBS to earn these rights from the National Football League. ABC puts on a huge production, with a production crew of over 00 individuals working during the game (ESPN, 00). The agency reserves the right to view to their audience based on the notion of making profit by showing game clips, fans, commercials and half-time shows. The large price tag for the venue is derived from the estimated 800 million television viewers worldwide (Downey 00). The audience in the United States alone shows an average of 88.6 million viewers and 16 million total viewers (Downey 00).








Reuters (00)


Downey (00)


ITF (1)


Banks ton (001)


With large portions of television viewers watching Super Bowl XXXVII, ABC takes full opportunity to make profit on advertisement. For the event sixty-one commercial advertisement spots during the game lasting 0 seconds had a price tag of $US-. Million. This does not include the pre-game that starts four hours prior to kickoff and a post-game presentation following the game. It is considered to be the biggest day of the year for football as well as for marketers, spending an average of over $US00 Million on ads before, during and after the game (Elliot 00). From Media Life Magazine, “A 1 study cited in the Journal of Marketing Communications found that 68 percent of Super Bowl viewers say they pay attention to the commercials and, suggesting a high level of recall, more than half say they discuss the ads the following day” (Downey 00). This statistic clearly shows that the American Broadcast Channel is clearly marketing to a demographic audience who is motivated by the advertising more than the actual event. This is why the agency chooses to view a large amount of commercials during the game. ABC has the ability to use unlimited television timeouts when there is complete stoppage in the game in order to fulfill the contracts to advertised commercials. In many cases killing the momentum of the game being played on the field (Lorenzo 00). American Broadcast Channel uncovers motives for broadcasting in what material they choose to be viewed by the audience. The football game is not the main concern for the televised media, it is purely advertising products and services.


With any live event broadcasted on television we as the audience only view what the agency wants. In this case ABC works very hard to sensor or represent only the glamorous and non-controversial issues that surround the event. An editor for PC Magazine writes about interviews with athletes prior to the game, “lots of canned questions with reporters told in advance what not to ask. They assiduously oblige, lest they lose their privileges” (Dvork 00). Before the event we see great effort by the ABC to give the audience only the basic questions and stay away from controversial issues that may draw away from commercial advertisements. Evidence is seen in the representation of the missing all-pro center for the Raiders who vanished one-day before the game. The audience had little understanding of why the athlete was not participating in the competition. Dvork writes about the skewed commentary of ABC, “Most obvious was the poor job done by Al OJ is Innocent Michaels, who had John Madden right next to him in the broadcast booth, but never once asked the ex-Raider coach what he might know about Robbins” (Dvork 00). A showing of how the broadcasting agency wanted to focus the audience on the drama on the field and the material goods running through the commercial instead of an emotional story about an individual. The agency does sensor what is projected to the people, although the visual stimulus viewed by the audience inevitably keeps attention.


Super Bowl XXXVII was the first sporting event to use High Definition television for their entire broadcast. From sound to sight it was crisper and more realistic to enhance the experience for the audience. Tim Cuprisim of Milwaukee Journal Sentinel quotes,


“From beads of sweat glistening on Warren Sapps forehead to blades of grass being stomped on at Qualcomm Park, football has never before been as intimate a viewing experience… the overall broadcast was stunning, especially the sprinkling of high-def ads that were aired in the format with booming CD-quality sound.”


(Cuprisim 00)


The American Broadcast Channel represented the event to the audience as if the game took place in your living room or pub. The agency for the first time planted microphones on several of the athletes on the field to get the sounds of the game. All the technological extras to entice the audience to stay tuned during the entire event.


The profit-making ploy is covered by dramatic representation of the game. Commentary depicts the event as an emotional war between two well traveled teams. By showing heroic visual clips accompanied by music that inspires the audience. ABC wants people to view the athletes as valiant heroes, an icon every individual strives to become. The audience becomes emotionally attached through representations to these individuals. The American Broadcast Channel has accomplished their goal of ratings and inevitably a large profit from the event.


The biggest event for football occurs year after year. The audience grows with each passing year to view the event and more importantly become amused by the new and intriguing advertisements. All forms of media are used surrounding the game, but television is the main attraction, by use of technology, innovation and entertainment it captures the largest audience.


Works Cited


Bankston, John, (May 7, 001), Woods’ victories net television ratings gold, [Online], The Augusta Chronicle, Available from http//www.augustachronicle.com/stories/050701/abc_14-148.shtml [August 0, 00].


Cuprisin, Tim, (January 7, 00), Super Bowl pulls in near-record audience, [Online], Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Available from http//www.jsonline.com/enter/tvradio/jan0/1188.asp [August 0, 00].


Downey, Kevin, (January 8, 00), Get your final Super Bowl #’s here, [Online], Media Life, Available from http//www.medialifemagazine.com/news00/jan0/jan7/_tues/news1tuesday.html [August 0, 00].


Dvork, John C., (January 8, 00), The Super Bowl, the slammer, and the media, [Online], PC Magazine, Available from http//www.pcmag.com/article/0,414,8481,00.asp [August 1, 00].


Elliot, Stuart, (December 10, 00), Madison Avenue and ABC bowled over by return to tradition, [Online], New York Times, Available from http//www.theage.com.au/articles/00/1/0/1077811.html [August 0, 00].


ESPN, (April 18, 00), Super Bowl XXXVII Production Credits, [Online], ESPN Network, Available from http//espn.go.com/abcsports/pressreleases/s/00/0114/14644.html [September , 00].


ITF, (August 1), Grand Slam television ratings on the rise, [Online], International Tennis Federation, Available from http//www.itftennis.com/html/new/this_week/archive/1-08/nd/gstv.html [August 0, 00].


Lorenzo, Millie, (February 1, 00), 00 Outsiders guide to the Super Bowl XXXVI, [Online], yourdictionary.com, Available from http//www.yourdictionary.com/about/superbowl00.html [August 0, 00].


Morrissey, Brian, (December 1, 00), Super Bowl Ads Some Suit up, some don’t, [Online], Internet Advertising Report, Available from http//www.internetnews.com/IAR/article.php/155681 [August 0, 00].


Reuters, (March 6, 00), Wartime Oscars suffer lowest rating ever, [Online], The Sydney Morning Herald, Available from http//www.smh.com.au/articles/00/0/5/10485458581.html [August 0, 00].


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iMode


The Japanense market has been recorded has having the most wireless Internet users in the world, according to Eurotechnology. The approximate market share for wireless Internet is represented in this graph


Source Eurotechnology Japan K.K.








Within the Japanese market the largest ISP (NTT DoCoMo) has introduced a wireless service called iMode. Statistics released at the end of 000, illustrated that there were 16 million iMode subscribers, increasing by about 50,000 per day. Imode is currently only offered in Japan, however the originators have attempted to move across to Europe but are still in the process of negotiating deals with specific companies.


At the moment with Imode being available only in Japan the content is only in Japanese language. The architecture of Imode includes compacted forms of HTML (cHTML) which allow unmodified Internet sites to be presented on mobile phones. The content providers of Imode can develop applications quickly and easily without having to learn new methods of programming or relying on WML-based WAP converters. The Current cHTML handsets in Japan support features such as colour graphics, animated GIFs and new ranges of Java and 18 bit SSL encryption. At the moment iMode has a maximum download speed of .6 Kbps. This is approximately 6 times slower than a 64 Kbps ISDN connection. Since cHTML works like HTML PC browsers such as Netscape or IE can also view iMode pages. For example the two URLs have been created using cHTML. Before loading the WebPages a pop up window appears which asks the user if they would like to download Japanese Text Display Support.


http//www.eurotechnology.com/i/


http//www.eu-japan.com/i/


Imode has a number of distinct differences with the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). The first being that iMode uses cHTML, which is a subset of HTML and is relatively easier to learn for website developers than WAPs mark-up language wml. Another difference is, that at present in Japan iMode is implemented with a packet switched system, which refers to the application remaining on at all times unlike WAP systems in Europe which are circuit-switched, i.e. requires a dial-up. The technical difference between packet switching and circuit switching is the telecommunication system on which the services are based; it has nothing to do in principle with the iMode and WAP standards itself. Looking at the Imode technology, the service is primarily based on a packet switched overlay over circuit-switched digital communications. Which in contrast with European or North American WAP services, is based on TCP/IP, which allows the connection between the application and the web server to remain on at all times, and hence does not require a dial-in connection.


The future for Imode is looking more promising as more companies wish to join DoCoMo and its future application development programs. A recent business convergence between, DoCoMo and Sun has led to implementation of Java applets on I-Mode devices. This will allow Imode to venture into a wider application portfolio for example into games or web agents which are used to deliver goods to subscribers. This will be an excellent tool for E-Brokerages to use their financial tools that they offer to online investors. The prime advantage it will bring to E-Brokerages will be that it will help both sides of Java applications to function in a complementary fashion


The trabnsfer rates are expected to enhance also. At present, the I-Mode data transfer rate is 0.6 Kbps. But soon, NTT DoCoMo will improve its infrastructure by moving to third generation wireless (UMMTS), with a data transfer rate of 84 Kbps for download and 64kbps for upload.





The other difference between iMode and WAP is to do with the delay in dialling and setting up the connection, which Imode does not possess because it has constant connection which WAP does not provide.


A cross combination idea has been introduced by Logica which is called m-WorldGate This will allow operators outside of Japan, such as Freeserve, or AOL to exploit Imode’s advantages, which can be merged with WAP technology. This again can be seen as an advantage for E brokers to receive information at anytime, with no trouble of delays occurring. It will also help to save costs in regards to connection and installation. Therefore, Logica’s idea can been complemented on the benefits it provides to the industry.





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A hero is someone who does something, big or small, that benefits somebody else in a good way. A hero also can be someone who sticks up for not only himself, but somebody else also.


I think the definition of a hero is anybody who does something good for somebody else. It doesn’t have to be something big; it can also be the little things that make him a hero.


In the poem “The Hero” a little boy sticks up for himself and other smaller kids by beating up a bigger kid. I personally do not think this boy is a hero. I think if you want to be a hero you must use your brain before you start to throw punches because a hero does not have to be violent.


In the story On the Bridge, I feel that Seth is the hero. Seth felt like he just wanted to fit in with Adam but after a while figures out that being cool isn’t everything, and if he explained that to a bunch of kids he would be a hero in my mind.





A hero is someone you can look up to. He/she is a role model. You don’t have to be Superman to be a hero. All you have to be is yourself.


Another characteristic about heros is that they stand up for what they believe in. They dont get caught up in the crossfire of society. They are themselves and thats what makes a her a hero.





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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Australian Companies are required to adopt International Accounting Standards by 1st January 2005. What are the reasons for this move and what problems does it cause for financial reporting by these companies?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Australian Companies are required to adopt International Accounting Standards by 1st January 2005. What are the reasons for this move and what problems does it cause for financial reporting by these companies? paper right on time.

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Before we touch on the reasons and problems on financial reporting by Australian Companies, I shall give a brief introduction of International Accounting Standards and its impact on Australian Companies.


Introduction


Under the strategy announced by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) at its meeting on 8 June 00 and publicly announced on July 00 (refer FRC Bulletin 00/4, July 00, www.frc.gov.au), the Australian Accounting Board is obligated to work towards the full implementation of International Accounting Standards in Australia in respect of financial years commencing on or after 1 January 005.


The objective for creation of a set of international accounting standards is premised very much on the assumed resultant enhancement to the efficiency of the capital markets and the consequent reduced cost of capital that would result from the existence of a set of globally acceptable accounting standards that resulted in high quality, comparable and transparent financial reporting. This is evidenced by the fact that the driving force behind the European Union’s decision to require EU listed companies to prepare their consolidated accounts in accordance with IASB standards from 1 January 005 is desire of the EU to create a single capital market.





The fundamental to the success of the FRC 005 strategy therefore is the ability of the IASB to have a set of high quality accounting standards in place sufficiently early so that companies in Australia are well placed to ensure their appropriate adoption on a timely basis.





Reasons for Australian Companies to adopt IAS


Reductions in the cost of capital through the resolution of uncertainty;


Relating to the interpretation and implementation of national standards;


Administrative benefits arising from the ease of filing in multiple jurisdictions and the resultant simplicity in the development of common accounting systems in place of adjusting, reconciling and explaining different bases applied in different countries;


Enhanced comparability and transparency of financial reporting requirements and credibility of the reported information;


Facilitation of cross-border investment and fund raising and the removal of an impediment to a more efficient allocation of resources;


Lower investment risk because it reduces an element of risk associated with understanding foreign financial reporting for investors and lenders.


Listed EU Companies will comply with IAS, this is the main driving force for Australian companies to move towards IAS.


Australian Investors gain as IAS are superior quality and give rise to high quality financial reports.


High cost of reconciling accounts between international regimes for Australian companies before the introduction of IAS.


Australia’s small capital market means we need to conform to attract international capital.


Reasons for Australian Users adopting IAS


From the standpoint of the users of financial statements (e.g. investors, banks or owner) one can see the following advantages. Investors, banks or owners are interested in obtaining information, which enables them to make buy/sell/hold investment decisions. We argue, that similar financial statements would make it possible for users of financial statements to make useful comparisons between countries and companies. This can be explained with the circumstances that similar transactions are accounted for and reported in the same manner everywhere in the world. With other words, similar Accounting Standards lead to a better comparability between companies. It would enable investors, banks or financial analysts to make better decisions. Therefore, greater comparability results in better understanding, lower risks and more efficient selections of investments. Choi et al. argue that “financial statement users have difficulty interpreting information produced under non-domestic Accounting Systems. They claim that harmonization will make it more likely that users will interpret the information correctly, and thus make better decisions based on that information” (Choi et al., 00).


For the society at large it can be said that harmonized Accounting Standards are important, because they lead to a well-developed and good functioning capital market. That is important in our view, because companies and others can raise money for investments there. This again is a pre-condition for a good economy and development. (Epstein and Mirza, 001)


The main advantage for Australian companies to use financial data would be the better comparability of financial data. In contrary Pellens asks, whether harmonized Accounting Standards are actually necessary for participants of the capital market. He argues that for understanding such rules, detailed knowledge of those is necessary. Maybe Pellens is right that not all analysts will understand the rules of IAS. Therefore, we think it is important for the IASB to further work for an understanding of their standards. He argues further that national comparisons with competitors and branch information are in first line necessary, for analysts to make comparisons. He is of the opinion that only in second line international comparisons with foreign companies are made, which would mean that international Accounting Standards are not needed. (Pellens, 001) We consider his last argument only to be true for small enterprises. International comparisons are in our view of high importance for the evaluation of the performance of global acting companies.


Another statement, made by Goeltz, is that global capital markets would even have developed without international Accounting Standards. (Goeltz in Choi et al., 00) We agree with Goeltz on that aspect. On the other hand it is obvious that the need for reconciliation or a full preparation of financial statements according to foreign Accounting Standards are barriers to the free competition of capital.


Problems cause in adopting IAS for financial reporting by Australian Companies.


(A) The adoption of some IASC standards on issues where there is no equivalent Australian standard.


The program involves the introduction of standards where there are no equivalent Australian standards, for example, borrowing costs, accounting for superannuation liabilities, provisions and contingencies and intangible assets.


However, concerns have been expressed by the Business Community (Group 100) and others about some outcomes of the program for example, the failure in ED 84 Acquisition of Assets to propose harmonisation in respect of pooling of interests. The Group of 100 has indicated to the Board that the process of harmonisation will involve a balancing of some benefits (such as harmonisation with some requirements that are not presently permitted in Australia, for example, pooling of interests) and some costs (such as removal of some current practices).


(B) A challenging program of revision and harmonisation with new developments


An important feature of the program is the renovation and refurbishment of the fabric of Australian standards. Many standards, which were developed several years ago, are in need of care, maintenance and updating, for example, profit and loss statements, inventories, segment reporting, and extractive industries. This has not occurred because of a lack of resources and new projects being given a higher priority.


The updating of old standards and the filling of gaps in the suite of standards will benefit the preparers and in particular, the users of financial reports.


The harmonisation program and the cooperation between standard-setters, for example, the G4+1, is also resulting in a convergence in the approach to issues, which are being dealt with at approximately the same time. Projects on provisions and contingencies, impairment of assets, performance reporting and the recognition and measurement of financial instruments have been initiated during this period.


It is anticipated that an enhanced financial reporting framework resulting from the program will provide more relevant and reliable information for decision making which will result in improvements in the efficiency of capital markets and in corporate governance and accountability.


(C) Effect on domestic standards


Part of the price of globalizations is that the international standard-setter may not give Australian needs and circumstances the same emphasis, as would a national standard-setter. As such, in the absence of a strong national standard-setter with a clear brief on the quality of financial reporting and active participation in the development of international standards, there may be some erosion of quality in relation to domestic standards. However, the compensations for this are the benefits to the economy and international competitiveness of a move to international harmonisation, which is considered to be unavoidable in a period of globalization of commerce, technological and financial innovation.


We consider the following points as problems faced by the Australian companies


• Close relationship of IASB to philosophies of the Anglo-American Model


• Convergence means only to harmonize IAS and U.S.-GAAP


• Developing countries are neglected.


The international harmonization process of Accounting Standards started somewhere in the 160s’ and recent developments show that it is still going on. For us it seems interesting to reflect on this process and to ask about the characteristics (driving forces, actors, stages) of it.


(D) Differences in International Accounting Standards


Australia’s harmonisation of financial reporting requirements with the wider global community would confront a number of impediments because of inconsistencies between IASs, US GAAP and EU Directives. IASC-consistent reporting is unlikely to enhance Australia’s link to the world community. This could lead to potential negative consequences in both financial and product markets. Nevertheless, Hegarty (17) argued that purely national regimes are not conducive to the internationalization of markets, since differences in approach give rise to barriers to trade and investment. But it is problematic whether the choice of IASC standards is a step forward.


Moves to link Australian accounting standards to those of the IASC may be built on shaky ground, in that there is little evidence to suggest that this necessarily will improve international product and financial relations for companies reporting under Australian requirements. Given the magnitude of the potential downsides relating to the integrity and the comparability of financial reports and reporting in general, Australian professional bodies and the law need to consider their options carefully.





(E) Legal system


The Accounting world can be divided into “those countries which have a ‘legalistic’


orientation toward accounting and those with a ‘nonlegalistic’ orientation” (Nobes et al.,


178). The non-legalistic approach can be found in countries, which use common law. In common law countries, like Australia, Accounting does not depend upon law. Accountants (professional organizations) arrange accounting rules. Hence, it is the private sector, which determines Accounting and not the law (Choi et al., 00). The task of the legal system is to give an answer to a specific case rather than to formulate general rules for the future (Choi et al., 00).


The legalistic approach can be found in countries, which use the so-called code (or codified) law. In contrary to the common law, the codified law system needs to develop rules in detail for the Accounting and financial reporting (Nobes, 14). This means “Accounting rules are incorporated into national law and tend to be highly prescriptive and procedural” (Choi et al., 004). In these countries the role of law is to describe behaviour, which is considered to be acceptable in the society (Choi et al., 00).


(F) Provider of finance


The three main sources for external capital are shareholders, banks and government (Hill,


1). It varies from country to country, which of these three provides most of the financial capital to companies. In countries like Germany and Italy banks provide companies with capital. In countries like Australia, shareholders provide companies with capital. The government is the provider of capital in countries like France and Sweden. (Hill, 1) This diversity of capital providers means that Accounting Practices differ in order to satisfy needs of capital providers. In the case of shareholder ownership, (e.g. in the Australia), information disclosure will be more important than in countries, where capital is raised from banks or governments. This is explained by the fact that in the latter countries information will be transmitted more directly. (Radebaugh and Gray, 17)


It is impossible for Australian companies to inform each shareholder with its specific information needs, because they are a big and unorganized group. Therefore financial statements in the US and UK are “oriented toward providing individual investors with the information they need to make decisions about purchasing or selling corporate stocks and bonds” (Hill, 15). The Accounting Practices in countries with banks as main capital providers have an interest to protect bank’s investment. This led to more conservative methods, which are characterized by overvaluation of liabilities and underestimation of assets (Hill, 1). In countries where capital is provided by the government, Accounting Practices are oriented towards needs of governmental planners (Hill, 1).


(G) High Initial Costs


Difference in IAS and Australian Accounting Standard may result in extra cost involved that a change in the method of accounting practice. Initial cost will include re-training the accounting profession and the users of financial reports. Ongoing costs will stem largely form the need to identify, and even update for each reporting period, the tax base of assets and liabilities. Australian companies may face costs in installing systems that record the information in a way that enables the calculations to be readily performed.





Current Concerns By Australian Companies


A number of Australian companies and participants in the process have recently expressed concerns about the approach to harmonisation and the timing of the process. Overall, Australian companies support the principle of harmonisation but are concerned about


§ The approach on particular issues, for example, accounting for intangible assets;


§ The effect of adopting a new accounting requirement in respect of transactions and arrangements which were structured and undertaken under previous arrangements;


§ The perceived damage to competitive advantage resulting from the adoption of standards which are more restrictive than those applying to competitors;


§ The intensity of the international harmonisation program and the resultant lack of time to adequately review the proposed changes, their implications for current practice and to prepare submissions on exposure drafts etc; and


§ The process by which IASC standards are to achieve acceptance in international capital markets.


§ Australia’s accounting conceptual framework is more detailed than IAS


§ Adoption will dilute some of Australia’s current accounting standards.


§ Australia’s superior accounting standards represent a competitive advantage in a corporate world full of uncertainty at present.


§ Australia represents just 1% of the global equity capital market.


§ Adoption will result in the loss of Australia’s competitive advantage and a higher cost of capital for Australian companies.


Conclusion


Harmonisation and convergence of accounting standards are no longer just buzzwords and nice to have, they are very fast approaching reality. Although Australian standard-setters have been harmonizing the countrys accounting standards with IAS for a number of years, the move to full compliance with IAS still came as a great surprise to both the accounting fraternity and the corporate world, not only because of the short time frame for full compliance but also because of the wide ambit of its application.


While harmonisation has brought about many similarities between Australian standards and IAS, some substantial differences and gaps between the two sets of standards do exist. It is particularly the existence of these gaps in the Australian suite of standards that will have far-reaching impacts on the future financial reporting of Australian companies. They also present a great challenge for Australian companies in getting themselves ready for the new reporting regime.


Recommendations


To allow Australian companies easily adopt the International Accounting Standard,


I would like to make the below recommendations


First, IAS should consider the distinctive features on Australian market especially where the market economy is evolving. So that Australian companies can easily adopt IAS.


Second, IAS should allow alternative treatment in special case. For example, IAS should provide for another measurement basis, such as historical cost, when fair value is unable to be determined reliably.


Third, based on the current presentation of IAS, I suggest that IASB expand explanatory notes, implementation guidance and background information of each standard It will reduce the difficulties faced by standard setters and Australian companies while adopting IAS.


Fourth, I recommend that IASB publish IAS training materials to facilitate the education of the accounting profession and to improve their understanding and implementation of the standards.











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The tragedy of /11/01 shows the path America has been on. The loss of life should not have even happened. This idea that has been put forth by the anti-constitutional/anti-personal responsibility liberal left, that the government is the only one that can take care of us led to those tragic deaths.


The American people have been programmed into believing that if a plane is hijacked that the government will negotiate and they will be safe. There is no negotiating with religious fanatics. The passengers on the planes out numbered the terrorists. Everyone on those planes had the power to over take the hijackers, but they did not. Only the plane that crashed in Pennsylvania had people aboard that understood this concept. They died, but they died fighting and maybe if they had more time, they might have been able to land the plane safely.


Why is that in a womens self defense/anti-rape class, the first thing that is taught is that you never give into your attacker and everything in your purse or hand can be a weapon. This same concept must be taught when dealing with terrorists. All the passengers on the ill-fated flights possessed that power but did not take advantage of it.


All through history mankind has been victim to small groups of oppressors that control and kill. Just go back a little over 500 years and remember the 178 Conquistadors that conquered a civilization with 10 million citizens and killed 14,000 of them in one day. There was no reason for all of them to die, they had the power of numbers to overwhelm the Conquistadors, but did not. In situations like these, we must understand that some may die trying to save the lives of others. But to give up and let all die is a total waste of life.


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Making a terrorist resistance door will not help, if the pilot still opens the door because one person has died in the plane. The pilot has five choices in dealing with the hijacker and the fifth choice is the wrong one. The pilot already knows that the hijacker is not seated, his choices are make a steep climb, a steep dive, and a roll to the left or a roll to the right. All these choices incapacitate the hijacker and the passengers must take control of the situation to over power the hijacker. The fifth choice is what the liberal left would have us do, turn the plane over to the hijacker, because the government will take care of us. That is not how it works with these fanatics!


After the attack President Bush said America would get justice. This meant we would take them to court and make them suffer with the parking in New York. Then our President and Country declared war on terrorism and the American people rallied behind this idea for a few days. Now we are told that some of Bin Ladens assets have been seized. As Americans we must ask why have not these assets been seized before by previous administrations? They knew Bin Laden was behind previous attacks.


So now we are supposed to be at war. How can we as a nation expect to put the fear of our God and religions into these fanatics and win the war, when we have to change the name of the operation times as to not to offend anyone of a different religious persuasion. Why did the Attorney General when discussing the letter from a hijacker have to keep apologizing and saying that in no way does this reflect the Muslim faith? We are defeating ourselves from the very beginning. America must stand tall and not bend with the winds of words. Our enemies have never worried about offending America.


No American has once celebrated in the street over the death of a Palestinian as they did. When the Christian holidays arrive, will the terrorists call for a truce on attacks against America? I think not. But when the Muslim holidays arrive we will not be able to fight them out of respect for their religion. You dont win a war with these tactics. If you think I am wrong just remember the last attacks on Iraq. We could not fight them during Ramadan. And during that conflict a soldier did what soldiers have done since time began and man had conflicts. He wrote on a bomb headed for Iraq that said Happy Ramadan. Well the liberals saw this and wanted the soldier court martialed. They said that it was insensitive to write something like that. Well excuse me, it is a bomb, what the hell do you think a bomb does.


In 167 the Arabs attacked Israel on yom Kippur, a religious holiday. Because of this blazen act the Arabs got their butts kicked. They dont care or respect other religions, so why should America stop fighting during their Ramadan? Maybe it is because we dont want to upset the coalition? Yeah right. It has been proven that besides Bin Laden, that Egypt and Saudi Arabia was also involvedin the attack against America. We must remember that the Arabs like to threaten America and say how they will give us the mother of all wars. They talk good trash, but when push comes to shove, they cry like little children. As in Iraq the soldiers dropped their guns when they saw us coming. The Arabs only fight good against each other. They are no real threat if we actually fight a war as a war should be fought.


The most ridiculous event of convenience to take place since the bombing was the Muslim firemen in Florida that refused to ride on the fire truck because the American flag represented oppression. So all of a sudden these guys feel compelled to say that America is bad and oppressive. So what great country did they leave to come here? These guys should tell us where the best country is? Does that country allow them all the freedoms and that nice paycheck that they have been earning from this oppressive country? I am sure we all would like to go to that country. Is it a secret? Somebody please tell us where this Utopia is? But the real problem here was that they won and the flag was removed.


Now this takes us to another area with the state of American War. We here all these people saying I dont want to see innocent people die. So are they saying the people in the planes, the Pentagon and the World Trade Center were not innocent? Bombing empty buildings and factories does not end tyranny. If it does then why dont terrorists bomb empty American buildings? Buildings get rebuilt and the bombings do not bring down the governments. America must retaliate and retaliate hard. If America does not, the terrorists will see this as a weakness and attack us again.


The anti-war activists are marching in Washington for us to forgive, forget and negotiate. Our enemies love this sign of weakness. If we gave into their demands, as these protesters would have, where do you think we would be? We would be dead. These fanatics want all Americans to be dead! Would someone please ask these activists how you negotiate something like that? Bill Mahr tells America that firing missiles is not courage, but being a terrorist on a plane that kills innocent people is what courage is. What is wrong with this liberal picture? Why is it that the liberals would now have us believe that we made the terrorists attack us? That now the terrorists are the victims, not America. Terrorists stand for nothing other than control of other people. If they really looked at themselves they would see that they are what they hate. But that would be using logic, which these fanatics do not have the word in their vocabulary.


Innocent people will die in wars and they will be remembered. But without this fear, war will not be feared. We have not fought a war, as a war since WWII. In Korea we were afraid to take it downtown to the enemy and we lost thousands of American soldiers. America had the chance to go to downtown Baghdad and did not. Sadam is still in power oppressing his people and living the good life downtown. In Vietnam, we did not take it to downtown Hanoi and we lost 60,000 American soldiers. To win a war you do not just defend, you take it to the enemy! Surgical bombing has been proven not to work.


America lets UNICEF deliver 50 million dollars worth of aid to the Afghanistan rebels. And the U.S. government gives money to help with the refugees. This is because America wants them to know that we are not the bad guys. We want to put the rebels in power in Afghanistan so the people will be free. Oh please! Cant we remember Somalia? America went there to help. The warlords were put in power and were given aid, food and money. And what did they give us? They killed our soldiers that were there to help them and sold the aid supplies on the black market. In Bosnia we gave aid to one side to stop the ethnic cleansing. Then when it was over the side we were protecting became as bad as the side we were fighting. They started their own ethnic cleansing. The only thing that America did that made mankind safer in Yugoslavia was when w the Yugo Auto factory was bombed. That is the only instance when surgical bombing a building worked and saved mankind.


As Americans, every time there is a disaster in the world we rush in to help and to give money. As of /11/01 how many countries have sent money to help cover the cost of cleaning up New York? How about Vincente Fox of Mexico? Since he became President, all he can do is tell us how much we need his citizens in America. I may have missed it, but I dont remember hearing him offer to send people to help in New York and to work for less than minimum wage. I guess you know who your friends are when you live in America. The world hates the American lifestyle, but none of them will return any American dollars. Why is that?


How about France? That is the country that would not let us fly over them to get Khdafy. Paris is where every terrorist has a cell and this is a well-known fact to the world. Then the President of France says they are behind America, but that they will not commit troops. Well we all knew they would do that. But let them need help and who do they come running to? Yes that is right, America. And when we are done helping them, we are the Ugly Americans to the French.


We need true American history to be taught in our schools again. It use to be taught that Freedom was earned and not given by oppressors. Lives had to be given for America to become a nation. In 1776 America did not go to King George and ask that America become a free country. And if they did, do you think the King would have said, Hey, thats a great idea. You go and have a great time. America had to fight for freedom with the loss of life and America must fight now for freedom.


War is not glory. War is not bombing buildings that can be rebuilt. War is horrible. War is death. War is the maintainer of peace and freedom for periods of time in the future. As long as man can have different opinions and beliefs there will always be wars. It is freedom that guarantees different opinions, beliefs and speech. These freedoms at times must be preserved by war. America may have a lot of problems, but America is the closest thing to a Utopia that world has seen.





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