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IDENTIFY, AND THEN COMMENT UPON, THE VARIETY OF NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES, IN THE HANDMAID’S TALE.


Narrative techniques are the different ways in which a writer tells their story.


Ask yourself the following questions about how the story of The Handmaid’s Tale is told


Is it all first-person narration? What are the advantages of this technique for the reader? Is it autobiographical? Is it genuine autobiography, or fictive autobiography? Is the story told in the same way all the way through? Does the story flow in a straightforward, easily understood style? Are we told the name of our narrator immediately? Does the story emerge in a fragmented, bit-by-bit, way? Could it be deliberately confusing? Are there different narrators? Are we allowed into the narrator’s own thoughts? Do we discover much about the narrator’s past? How? What id the effect of using flashbacks?





POINTS TO CONSIDER


· Is the first person narration significant? What is the effect of it for the reader?


· Why are the epigraphs important? Why are they there? What do they add?


· Does the novel begin in a clear, easily understood way? Or, is there some deliberate confusion (narrative puzzle emerges / many ideas of time are presented � both the recent and distant past / effect is to place the story in the recent future)?


· How are the ‘Night’ sections (chapters 1,7 & 18) different from other parts of the novel? Think of what Offred does and why.


· The use of time shifts and flashbacks


· The fragmentation of the storytelling, it is only revealed bit by bit


· The comments made by Offred about the act of storytelling itself � C7, C & (directly addresses the audience for the first time)


· The ‘double’ motifs � see class notes 6--0


· The Historical Notes at the end of the book explain why Offred’s story has been told in such a fragmented way. It was pieced together, from Offred’s original tape recordings by the academic professors. This explains, and justifies, the fragmented style of storytelling to the reader. Of course, this style of storytelling, of only partial disclosure, suits Atwood’s purpose as a storyteller, of presenting the story gradually. Also, Atwood deliberately wants to show Offred as a distressed and confused narrator; the fragmented storytelling, where Offred cannot concentrate on the dreadful present for too long without recourse to the preferable past, reinforces the idea of Offred’s distress. Therefore, Atwood’s narrative style aids her presentation of Offred as a distressed and discontented woman.


NIGHT


Night recurs as a heading seven times. It always signals ‘time out’ when Offred’s life is not under public scrutiny, and when she can escape into her own private world of memory and desire


TIME SHIFTS AND FLASHBACKS


Mostly within the ‘Night’ sections where the flashbacks are most sustained


The narrative switches often, between the past, present and distant past, juxtaposing past and present, through Offred’s memories.


Creates a continuing sense of the physical and emotional confusion Offred feels because she has to escape her present


The ubiquitous past brings happiness, comfort and power to keep fighting, but it also brings despair, longing and loneliness EFFECT IS to increase the reader’s empathy for Offred as they are all emotions that we can relate to


By using memory, we see Offred ‘feel’ � ‘stream of consciousness’ technique seeks to replicate real thought processes and jumps from one subject to another


Like a palimpsest, a parchment that is scraped clean to be used again, traces of Offred’s original identity and beliefs still exist beneath her Handmaid guise


THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE STORYTELLING


A discontinuous, spasmodic narrative, with frequent time shifts & short scenes � effect is


to create narrative puzzle / reflect Offred’s confusion & distress / represents the complex ways that memory works, where the present moment is always pervaded / affected by other times & places


The story shifts abruptly from one scene to another, from present to past time so the narrator’s present situation and past history are only gradually revealed


We have to piece together and reconstruct the story


The story starts in a confusing manner with unfamiliar surroundings, although the setting does become more familiar


Offred’s story pieces together the voice of the powerless and oppressed in Gilead it is only revealed bit by bit


THE COMMENTS MADE ABOUT THE ACT OF STORYTELLING


A self-conscious narrator who is aware of the limitations of narrating stories and the human need for telling stories


Storytelling (onto tape) is the only possible gesture against the silences of death and of history � it is an act of rebellion in itself


DOUBLES MOTIF


IN LITERATURE, A MOTIF IS A RECURRING, DOMINANT IDEA


Double life - both her physical existence and in her memories


Two identities � Handmaid and being an individual in her own right � wife, mother, daughter


Two names � birth names and her Gileadean patronynic


Offred & Ofglen look alike as they shop together


Characters have their own counterparts � Nick and Luke; Moira and Ofglen; Offred and the previous Offred





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MUGS


1 Tuas Lane, Jurong Town Singapore 68610


Tel (65) 861 5444 Fax (65) 861 4777





httpwww.mugs.com.sg





To Henry Davidson Date October 0, 00


Director


From Chua Jan Subject Delivery delay on


October 0, 00


DESCRIPTION OF INCIDENT


At 1.0 P.M. on October 0, 00, our distributor, Mrs. Jenny Huang called and said that our gThe Barbarian Mugsh (BM 040 Model) cannot be accepted. After receiving the call, I went down to the distributor shop and inspected the glass mugs delivered. I found that about 80% of the glass mugs were broken. After checking the delivery truck, I found that the wheels of the delivery truck were still in relatively good condition, except for some sand and scratch marks. The weather is fine that day with little clouds.


After I had finished inspecting the goods and truck at .00 P.M., I arranged for the broken glass mugs to be sent back to our company. I notified Head of Manufacturing Department, Manager Lai Seng Boon to check if there was still spare stock of our gThe Barbarian Mugsh in our inventory that could be sent to Mrs. Huang. I also notified the head of delivery department, Manager Choo Boon Heng, to send another delivery truck to our distributor shop to send the broken glasses back to our factory and to replace them with the new batch of glass mugs. While waiting for the truck to arrive, I apologized to Mrs. Huang and promised that the new batch of glasses would arrive by 5.00 P.M. The truck arrived with the new batch of glasses at 4.0P.M.


By 5.00 P.M. we had finished unloading the new glasses and load the broken glass onto the truck. The remaining glasses, which were fine, were left at the shop.


CAUSES OF INCIDENT


The glass mugs were packed in brown boxes without cushioning. The mugs were found to be arranged in a haphazard manner and the strings used to tie them were of unsuitable material. Nylon strings should have been used instead of polyester threads. It was evident that the proper tying techniques were not used to tie the glass mugs. A single knot was used instead of the double knots. As shown in figure 1.1, you can see the wrong type of knot used to tie the package. Figure 1. shows the correct double knot to be used, for better strength to hold our carton together.


Fig 1.1 Wrong tying method


Fig 1. Correct tying method


It was the peak hour and the road was congested. Thus, our truck driver, Mr. Ang See Chong, in his bid to get the glass mugs to our distributor in the fastest possible time, drove at a higher speed. Moreover, the delivery route from our Tuas factory to our distributorfs shop in 40 Jalan Peminpin, #0-0 Tat An Building, had to pass through rough terrain, full of coarse sand. So, the high speed and jerky movement might have caused the glass mugs to bang into one another and resulted in them breaking.


RECOMMENDATIONS


In order to prevent such an incident from happening again in the future, I have made the following recommendations.


1. Have our packaging executive conduct a training course for our packaging staff about proper packaging procedure and methods. The above incident can be used as a case study for the course.


. Order specially marked and design boxes. These medium size boxes 1 X 1X  , which are made of tough corrugated cardboard with wire-stitched seams, are extra durable and weight 1kg each. Each box can safely hold up 5 kg of our goods, about twice the load of our previous brown boxes and help us to track our packages easily. Cushions are also included in the boxes to withstand the jerky movement.





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California Recall


A matter of conscience invites me to declare my perspectives as I cast my vote for Arnold Schwarzenegger as Governor of the State of California. As the rest of the world peers in and amuses themselves at the state of our State, I would like to present a perspective of a ninth generation Californian, a product of our public schools, and a graduate of our University system. In the recall election, my vote is cast based upon three essential arguments.


1.) The truth of the matter is, no matter whom California elects, no one will be able to solve our budget crisis. Over half of our state’s financial resources are allocated to the numerous propositions that are routinely passed by the voting public, and cannot be touched by the executive branch. Even Harry Houdini could not get us out of the financial and bureaucratic mess that we have created for ourselves. In order to balance the budget, we will need to drastically raise taxes, which the citizens of California will not allow to happen. This is a very important point in the context of national politics, as it is becoming very apparent that, in the near future, California will need a federal bailout. Many of our states are racing towards bankruptcy, with California as the case subject, and our national government is not anticipating their future bailouts. Already the national government, under this administration, has greatly reduced the funds allocated to relief of the States. While our national deficit soars, we are failing to anticipate these future expenditures.


.) As for political capabilities, as career politicians Bustamante and McClintock are more familiar with our budget and the nuances of our governmental structure. However, Arnold, as Governor, has many advantages. Although a Republican, he is very liberal, as is much of California (even our conservatives here are liberal conservatives). Arnold’s high profile will give this great state, the fifth largest economy in the world (or so the commercials tell me), the visibility and cultural gravity that it deserves. No one expects Arnold to become entrenched in partisan politics or embody the right wing of the Republican Party, but instead to stay, more or less, in the medium of the political spectrum. The fact that Maria Shriver is his wife, would lead me to believe that much of his personal political advise would be coming from democratic leaders, as well/in addition to Republican leadership, providing for a sound base.





.) To vote for Arnold as Governor is very Californian. While I am hesitant to embrace the capitalist and commercial culture that is growing ever more prevalent in our nation’s composition (I have neither refinanced nor bought a cell phone that emails pictures), I do believe local culture is special and essential. California is unique is so many ways, and the fact is, electing Arnold is very Californian. In some respect, leaders of localities should reflect the customs and cultures of their regions- just as I expect the Prime Minister of Great Britain to reflect in some capacity the British, the Chancellor of Germany to reflect in some capacity the Germans, and the Governor of say, Georgia or Montana, to reflect in some capacity the citizens of Georgia or Montana; Arnold is very Californian. Immigrant (so many of us here are), Hollywood, and a man who found fame and fortune in California- think Silicon Valley, the Gold Rush, and telecommunications.


Final Note- In respects to the notion that a No vote is prudent, and that the recall is too expensive and frivolous, that may be correct. However, it is my opinion that it is here now, and the time and money have already been spent. Whether we vote no or yes, the costs have occurred. Therefore, I do not have a problem with ousting a tremendously unpopular public servant. And as for my new choice, I would like to think I’m voting Californian!!!


Thank you very much,


Brian Bent


Coronado, CA





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Muhammad Ali


The Greatest of All Time


Muhammad Ali was possibly the greatest boxer of all time due to his persistence in pursuing his dreams. Born January 17, 14, Cassius Clay would soon find his wings. Ali once said “Float like a butterfly and sting like a bee.” That he did throughout his 1-year boxing career.


Ali revolutionized the sport of boxing by introducing a style never seen before. His key moves in the ring were boxing with his left hand behind his back, then pulling his body back when a punch came his way. This was just fun and games to Ali. He boxed with a speed that could be compared to a welterweight. But in 160 Ali showed the world he knew how to be serious by winning the 160 Light Heavyweight gold medal in the Rome Olympics. Four years later, after fighting his way to the top of heavyweight circuit, Ali fought Sonny Liston for the title and walked away a champion. After that epic fight Ali announced that he accepted the teachings of Islam and that his new name is Muhammad Ali “Famous Faces”.





In 167 Ali refused to be inducted in to the United States Armed Forces because of his Islamic beliefs. He was then arrested, and shortly after that had his boxing license suspended and his heavyweight champion title





stripped. Ali was then inactive in boxing from March , 167, to October 6, 170. Some people believed that these would have been his peak performance years. In Ali’s absence Joe Frazier became the new heavyweight division champion, thus setting up a showdown when Ali returned “Sports Biographies”.


Ali got his license back in 170 and won fights against Jerry Quarry and Oscar Bonavena, which made Joe Frazier next on Ali’s list. Ali claimed to be “The People’s Champion” and stated that Frazier would have to beat him before he was the true champion, even though Frazier already held the title. Frazier dropped Ali in the 15th round of the “Fight of the Century.” Ali would later retake his title in 174 the same way he originally gained it, by slaying an ogre. George Foreman the current Heavyweight champion was given the odds, leaving the - year- old Ali with little hope. The fight was held in Kinsasha, Zaire, where Ali employed the rope-a-dope technique to tire Foreman out before taking him out in the eighth round. Ali defended his title until 178 when Leon Spinks upset Ali to take the title “Enshrines”.


Past his prime, Ali fought three more fights, two of which ended in defeat. Ali retired in 178, but came out of retirement in 180 to fight twice more only to lose both fights. Ali retired for good in 181.





“Sports Biographies”


In 164, the day after becoming the Heavyweight Champion of the World, America was shocked by Muhammad Ali’s announcement of his involvement in the Civil Rights movement when he proclaimed to the world that he had become a Black Muslim. He wanted black people worldwide to see that they could achieve the highest dreams equal to any other race, station or status. “Sports Century”()


Being one of the first black activists in sports came with serious consequences. The anti-white stance of the Black Muslim philosophy caused the downfall of Ali’s popularity during the high point of his career. Promoters were reluctant to back Ali’s upcoming matches. His income declined along with his popularity. The final blow to this stage of his career came with his arrest in 167 for refusing to be drafted into the military “Sports Century”().


Ever the humanitarian, Ali supports many charities around the world, including those in Islamic countries as well as the United States. Ali liked to stage fights in third world countries hoping to make superpower nations aware of the great poverty of these countries. Muhammad Ali has always used his career to promote the underdogs of the world, rather than simply for his own personal gain “Famous Faces”.





Friend and foe admired Muhammad Ali for his persistence in overcoming all the odds against him. Although, Muhammad Ali was known for his arrogant loud mouth, both admirers and opponents agreed he did this just to psyche him self-out for his fights. Before his match with Sonny Liston he rented a bus and tacked signs on the side of it that read “We all love Cassius Clay,” “Without Cassius the game is dead,” “March on Liston’s camp,” and “Bear hunting.” Even though, Ali was criticized for running his mouth off and predicting the round he would knock out his opponent, friends insisted this was only a technique he used to win his fights “Jet”.


In conclusion, Ali is an amazing man whom through persistence and hard work overcame a multitude of trials and tribulations, to become the Heavyweight Champion of the World. Muhammad Ali will always be remembered for his unique dancing style, his speed in the ring, and of course his loud mouth and rhymes.





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Sara Payson Willis Parton was a vocal feminist, constantly writing in defense of women’s rights. She believed women were as smart as men, and should be allowed to follow any career they chose. She wrote about birth control, divorce, education for women, sexism in religion and marriage, and women’s poverty. Her writings are very funny, and her witty criticisms and satires of sexist men drew a lot of attention. Her ideas were way ahead of her time, and people often didn’t agree with her .In this essay, I will examine the life of Fanny Fern, and discuss how the society she came from played a major role in influencing her writings.


Notoriously known as Fanny Fern, Sara was born in Portland, Maine, and was originally named Grata Payson after the mother of the Congregational minister Edward Payson, whose sermons had influenced her father in a immensely. She was the fifth of nine children born to Nathaniel and Hannah Willis. In the early 17th century, her predecessors had come from England to Massachusetts. Her paternal grandfather edited a Whig journal during the Revolutionary War, and her father published an anti-federalist organ, the Eastern Augus in Portland. A libel suit forced him back to Boston when Sara was a year old. There he started a printing business, and published one of America’s first religious newspapers, the British Recorder.


As a child, Fern’s witty personality earned her the nickname of “Sal Volatile.” She attended school in Hartford, Connecticut at the seminary of Catherine Beecher. When she returned to Boston, she often contributed to her father’s Youth Companion. She married a wealthy banker named Charles H. Eldredge in May, 187.Together they had three children, Mary in 18, Grace Harrington in 1840, and Ellen Willis in 1844. This seemingly wonderful time in her life was ended by tragedy; the death of her mother, daughter Mary, and husband in 1846.Unable to find work, Fern was forced to financially rely upon her father because the law held that once a woman was married, all her property was to be turned over to her husband, and now that her husband was dead she was left with nothing. Her second marriage in 184 to Samuel P. Farrington ended in divorce three years later. Fern had left Farrington which was almost impossible to do at this point in society.


At the times she was living in, it was believed that a woman’s place was in the home. Societal views held that women were to be the homemakers, while the occupations in the outside world were to be left to the men. “It was an age when women were preferred as angels rather than amazons, homemakers rather than careerists.” (Donald & Randall 1).





Once again on her own, she attempted teaching and sewing. However she made so little that she had to give up her daughter Grace. Fed up, she decided to ignore the “inferior” tag that society pinned on her, and join the male dominated world of journalism. She decided to write and used the pseudonym “Fanny Fern.” The Mother’s Assistant, the True Flag, and the Olive Branch, small Boston magazines, published some of her work in 1851. Before long, many newspapers reprinted these amusing paragraphs.


Her journalistic career now on its way, got the attention of publisher James C. Derby from Auburn, New York. He gathered her writings together and published them in 185 as Fern Leaves from Fanny’s Portfolio. It became an immediate bestseller in both America and England. Robert Bonner, owner of the New York Ledger, placed her on his payroll in 1855 at the astounding salary of $100 for a regular weekly column. This made her one of America’s first women columnists.


Having to live in a society like hers was difficult; such denials of equal opportunity gave rise to advocates of women’s rights. Fern, like other feminists spread the word of injustices to all who would listen through her powerful writings. She also wrote about the problems and status of female authors.


In “Hints to Young Wives,” Fern wittingly writes about the roles of women at her time


The minute she sees her husband coming up the street, she makes for the door, as if she hadn’t another minute to live, stands in the entry with her teeth chattering in her head till he gets all his coats and mufflers, and overshoes, and what-do-you-call-‘ems off, then chases round(like a cat in a fit) after the boot-jack;warms his slippers and puts ‘em on, and dislocates her wrist carving at the table for fear it will tire him.


She feels that women have been blindly led into a belief that their purpose on earth is to serve men. “Hints to Young Wives” is a typical newspaper article by Fanny Fern, published in the Boston Olive Branch in February of 185. This piece demonstrates the intimacy in which Fern speaks to her reader. Fern’s style is simple. She uses common diction and short sentences to mimic conversational tone. “Hints to Young Wives” is about a woman desperately trying to warn young wives about their sneaky husbands. I like this article because she uses humor to get her point across, instead of tearing up and pouting about the horrible situation.


In Blackwell’s Island No. , Fanny Fern touches on the taboo subject of prostitution. She warns the readers that the article maybe offensive to some but bluntly compares the roles of prostitute and Johns. Men may pursue sexual pleasures because they deserve that right. Women who serve those rights should be locked up and never thought of again.


The idea that mother’s introduce their very own daughters to future husbands, perpetuates the never ending chain of events-men have the right to cheat and pursue sexual pleasures. Fern touches on this same subject in Hints to Young Wives. In her time, mother’s had no greater pleasure than to marry their daughter to a respectable gentleman. These “respectable” males in turn deserve to gratify themselves outside of the marriage arena. Women considered prostitutes the lowest form of life and pretended that they didn’t exist. Prostitutes were on every corner in New York. Many had no other choice but to earn a living in this fashion. Men on the other hand, were not penalized for this behavior. Their sexual needs were part of their very being.


Men considered their lives monotonous, even though at the end of the day their shops are closed, and all day in work they conversed with adults. Women, on the hand, are always tending to family-never ‘closing shop’ at the end of the day. Should not a woman be able to pursue the same forms of excitement as a man?


Fern in her article also touches upon her religious views. God created humans equal in that everyone must follow the same Ten Commandments. She believes that the seventh commandment is meant to be followed by both men and women. Society has given men their stamp of approval to disregard God’s commandment. Society has dictated that men not only need these activities because they are physically different, but actually deserve to act out these behaviors because of their ‘lack of luster’ lives. When women work as prostitutes, not only are they breaking the laws of society and should be thrown in jail, but they are also breaking God’s laws and should be cast to hell for all eternity.


Fanny exposed the double standard of her times, but sadly enough most women also perpetuated females as not deserving life’s pleasures.


In Mrs. Adolph’s Smith Sporting, Fern comments on the shortcomings of males, in a delightful, comical, and well-written paragraph. She exposes the incapability of men to survive without women. At the same time it is clear that the woman is in charge, and has total control over the whole situation. Mother finds all missing items, feeds the family, tends to the ill, and fights the battle. Men can do one thing at a time while women perform many tasks.


Fanny’s commentary on prison life, Blackwell’s Island, differs from most of her essays in that its focus is on society’s punishment system rather than women’s role in society. This article enlightens the reader to the penal’s systems, and societies failure to serve those convicted of crimes. This seems like one of a few articles that does not paint women in need of liberation. Criminals are imprisoned for crimes and people feel they should be locked up. Fanny sees humanity in the faces of the prisoners. She questions just how people become involved in a life of crime. Is it the will of God or society? When a prison is struggling along, does society lend a helping hand? She speaks of housing (modern day half-way house??) and jobs being available. She believes that society has a duty to save itself. After serving their punishment, prisoners should not be branded as convicts, but blended back into society. She notes that society comes around passing out Bibles and shouting out God’s word, but offering no responsibility in the plight. It seems as though Fanny is a spokesperson for the mistreated beings in her society.


The article recites to the modern day reader that women in the 1800’s even Fanny, had a softer side. Women had the idea that institutions, jobs, and money would give criminals self respect. This self respect would deter them from committing crimes. This idea works for some but not for others.


Fanny again draws from some of her religious beliefs. Society should not condemn, but try to prevent further criminal acts.


In all, Fanny Fern was a woman ahead of her time. She saw the injustices of her society, took notes, and wasn’t afraid to share what she felt with the world. She was a brave woman who turned her life tragedies into a powerful force that kept her strong. She laughed in the faces of those who made it seem that women were inferior to men, and pulled the wool from the eyes of foolish women who believed that their only role in life was to serve men. She put the wheels in motion for women’s rights, and for that reason Fern has helped make the lives of women better today.





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T.Hussain � Witness


This report is a concise discussion of the tabulated results on the previous page.


The parts table shows the number of each type of crisp assembled, shipped, scrapped and rejected. It also shows that the average time taken to process a plain packet of crisps is longest whilst the average time taken to process a packet of cheesy crisps is shortest.


The Labor table shows the times that the Joe and Fred are busy or idle. It is evident that Fred is either a harder worker or his workload is considerably greater than Joe’s. Joe’s busy time is only %0.4! It also shows that Fred carries out much more work and the time taken to carry out that work is also longer.





The Buffer table shows that as parts move from B1 to B4, the parts held are reducing, however, the parts held at B5 and B6 are greater than the Buffer before them, this is due to a Bottleneck, which is Machine OP0.


We can also see from the Machine table that OP0 is idle for too long, the time taken for inventory to reach it is a lengthy process, but then also OP0 has to wait for a certain number of each of packet of crisp before it can begin processing family packs, Fred and Joe can help reduce this idle time by helping offloading tasks from the Buffers.


The conveyor length could also be reduced so parts can be processed at a faster rate, therefore increasing Output, without increasing labour time.


OP0 needs to wait for a certain number of non-bottleneck parts (different flavoured crisps) to arrive before it can make a family pack and ship any orders. I found this was a bottleneck after running the model for longer than the time suggested in the assignment (180mins/ hours). The inventory kept building up but the OP0 machine did not have the resources to process this inventory, which led to excess inventory piling up before the bottleneck, resulting in a very poor flow inventory throughout the model. I also noticed how the number of family packs was increasing steadily as more time was allowed, in other words the time taken to process a family pack became shorter each time, but this was only for a short period. After 180 mins, the output was only 1, but after allowing another 180 mins, the Output was 4! Watching the model run for approximately 15 hours, it became evident that the management of resources was very poor, especially when relating resources, i.e. excess inventory before the bottleneck (OP0). This may have been avoided with better flow of inventory throughout the model but the most obvious answer seems to be to share the workload of the bottleneck with Fred and Joe. Although Fred was busier than Joe, he was only busy for %1. of the time, which is not very much at all. They could take some responsibility for doing the same job as the OP0 manually, and therefore reduce inventory, increase Output and also decrease operating expense.





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Japanese anime is a visual art style that has become increasingly popular in western culture over the past five decades. The recent explosion of anime shows has caused concern by American parents over the violence and sexual content that is occasionally exhibited in episodes that are loosely edited. Mainstream anime that is heavily edited has also caused pandemonium, mainly by the anime otaku (fan base) in America who are accustomed to viewing anime in its full and unedited form. Even though it is good that parents are concerned about what their children are viewing, I personally believe that anime should have the same right as any other American program to be shown on television, or at least be sold in stores, as an unedited art form.


The main reason for the debate over anime content stems from the differences between Japanese and American culture. The Japanese are a bit more lenient as far as censorship goes. The Japanese government adopted most of its constitutional basis ironically from the United States after World War II and strongly exercises a right similar to the First Amendment. Much of the content seen in Japanese media has been lightly, if at all, censored. Only recently has the Japanese government attempted to make laws and obscenity codes concerning child pornography and depiction of pubic hair and genitals (Reyes). The American government, however, has had no clear definition of obscenity. In spite of this, any material that contains objectionable material is usually subject to be censored to some degree. Anime is considered to be a serious art form in Japan, and a good percentage of shows and manga (comic books) are of visual artistry. Many Americans who know little about anime view these shows as strictly cartoons for children, and a lot of the time they are treated as such. For example, the anime and manga (comic book) series Sailor Moon, created by Naoko Takeuchi, was originally targeted as a show for teenage girls in Japan. Sometimes the show would contain innocent scenes of nudity, such as the main character taking a bath. When Sailor Moon was brought to the United States, the show was marketed mainly to children. Parents most certainly would not allow children to view nudity of any kind, so the production company of the American version was forced to edit these scenes out, along with other scenes as well. Japanese anime is generally “created for college students and adults, and most of the anime that is for kids is created in a culture where kids are not limited to G-rated programs,” (Jedi Master Thrash’s Anime Page). When an anime series is syndicated to American television, a great bit of the mature content is cut, and as a result, the show is drastically altered.


Japanese anime goes through two types of basic editing before it is shown on American television. The first type of editing is for censorship of the questionable material. Sailor Moon went through many drastic censorship cuts in the first two seasons. The most notable edit that the show’s producers made was the theme of homosexuality. In the first season, the relationship of male villains Zoicite and Malachite was altered, and the producers changed Zoicite’s gender to make the relationship seem more acceptable to American viewers. Another production company picked up the series for seasons three and four, and even though the censoring was not as severe as the other producers, it was still noticeable. Fish Eye, another male homosexual villain in season four, was not as drastically butchered as the previous characters in season one. His character was still basically the same as the original Japanese version, but his comments made about his attraction to other male characters on the show are not heard on the American version. Season five of Sailor Moon has yet to be dubbed because some of the characters on the show change gender in their transformations. I think it is ironic that a country that preaches individuality and non-discrimination would go to such lengths to edit out scenes that educate young children about different lifestyles.


Some production companies also go as far as to edit out or alter scenes concerning Japanese culture. On the show Cardcaptors (Card Captor Sakura in Japan), the main character says she is eating hamburgers but she is clearly eating sushi. Some people might say that “in order for a series to sell and be successful in the United States, the viewers must be able to understand the programs,” and since the main audience is children, “the networks will cater the series to the children’s ability to understand the shows,” (Anime in America). In my opinion, this type of editing is unnecessary and actually confuses young viewers. Anime should be shown so people can “learn about another culture, and experience foreign thoughts, not to change them to match domestic culture,” (Jedi Master Thrash’s Anime Page).





The second type of editing that all anime series go through is arguably the most unnecessary. Typically, an anime shown in Japan takes up the full time it is allotted. However, American shows are usually about 18-4 minutes long on average in a 0-minute time slot. Because of commercial time, the whole Japanese series cannot be shown on American television. As a result, bits of scenes are cut out to fit the time constraints. Some production companies cut entire episodes because they want the series to begin or end on a certain day (preferably on Friday so the audience will be in suspense until the following week). In Dragonball Z, a very popular anime around the world and currently in the United States, the first two Japanese episodes were edited as just one episode on American television. Another anime show Robotech lost an entire season in American television syndication. The problem with this type of editing is that when future episodes flashback or rely on a past episode for the storyline, a lot of American viewers are confused and do not understand what is going on. Anime “isn’t episodic like American cartoons [;] it has a continuous story line, tightly linked, and any loss in that chain disrupts the entire series,” (Jedi Master Thrash’s Anime Page).


Many parents are concerned and upset with the content in Japanese anime. There was even a court case against a production company called Media Blasters in 18 concerning an angry father who claimed he bought a “mislabeled” product because it contained an objectionably obscene trailer of an anime (Reyes). The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund brought another case concerning obscenity charges to court. They claim that on two separate occasions, a copy of the adult manga “Legend of the Overfiend” was sold to an undercover cop and a member of the PTA (Reyes). Even though both of these people were adults over the age of 18, the sitting judge of the case denied the motion to dismiss the case. The truth is most parents are not around during the afternoon hours when anime is shown on television. But some parents that are monitoring what their children are watching seem to be offended particularly more so with Japanese anime than other programs, which contain considerably more violence and sexual situations than anime. It all stems from the fact that older generations of American society are not informed about anime and assume it is meant to be strictly children’s cartoons. Producers have added to this confusion by marketing to children, selling action figures and school supplies that the parents are buying. So the parents ultimately expect a wholesome show that their children can watch without being traumatized and corrupted. Honestly, there are rarely any shows on the air that children want to watch that are free of questionable content. As long as our society remains corrupt, a reflection of that will be shown on the airwaves as long as it receives ratings.


On the other side of the spectrum are the members of the anime otaku, who are completely offended at producers’ attempts to edit shows. The members of the anime otaku have found a common ground for bonding on the Internet and have formed several groups and started petitions against censorship of their favorite shows. Most even threaten to boycott the show if serious changes are not made. These groups know what the original Japanese version of the show looks like because most of them were fans before the recent anime explosion in the United States started. They went through much trouble trying to obtain imported videos and other apparel from Japan. Now that anime apparel is so accessible in the United States, they are angry at the quality of some of the products. Most groups feel that the censorship is “the equivalent of plagiarism,” and claim that producers alter the works to fit “our own culture and needs,” (Jedi Master Thrash’s Anime Page). The anime otaku do have a reason to be angry, but because they can be so harsh with their demands, their pleas often fall upon deaf ears.


There are three types of Japanese anime currently available for purchase in the United States dubbed, uncut, and subtitled. Dubbed anime is usually the cheapest to purchase but contains the least amount of unedited footage. Uncut anime usually indicates that a producer has left in most or all of the scenes of the original, but there is still some editing involved. These are more expensive than dubbed items but not as expensive as subtitles. Subtitles contain the original scenes and dialogue translated into English. These can be costly at times, however, the most costly anime item would most likely be an import. There is also a great difference in content whether you buy a VHS or a DVD. DVDs tend to contain more content, such as both dubbed and subtitled storylines, and have gained a good reputation even from producers who are generally heavy on the editing. Even though the DVDs are expensive, they are a great deal because they essentially contain two videos in one. For the serious anime collector, I recommend either imports or DVDs that preserve the original Japanese content. For mature children that are not quite used to the content or a first time buyer of anime, I recommend the uncut version on VHS. And of course for small children I recommend the dubbed versions of the anime. Even though I don’t really like dubbed versions of anime, they seem to appeal better to American children than other audiences.


The only solution that would satisfy both parents and the anime otaku would be the implementation of a rating system. Currently, most anime movies have mild warnings or do not have a rating at all. Dubbed and some uncut amines made for children should be rated PG so that parents know that there is some questionable content they should be aware of. Subtitles, depending on the original Japanese target audience, should be rated PG-1 for the milder animes and NC-17 for the more controversial types of anime. Hentai, or Japanese anime porn, would mostly likely fit under the NC-17 rating. Wit the implementation of a rating system, there should be more access to subtitles. It is very difficult to find a store that sells subtitles unless it is on the Internet, so to make it easier for the fans that can see mature anime, local video stores should volunteer to sell all types of anime. It is possible that producers could lose some revenue for dubbed anime from this method, but there should be an increase in anime content purchased because the consumer is finally getting what they want.


Japanese anime has certainly come a long way from the days of Speed Racer when the English words never matched the mouth movements. Without a doubt, there is a long journey ahead for anime if it wants to gain the full respect of Americans. Until the people of America can embrace anime as if it were like one of its own shows, profit-driven producers will continue to ruin its legacy and make a mockery out of a widely renowned and respected art form.











Sources


“Anime in America”. http//www.angelfire.com/pa/bonnienjess/jessbox010.html


“Censorship of Anime on Syndicate TV”. http//members.aol.com/thrashwise/anime.htm


Reyes, Luis. “Walking on Eggshells Anime and Censorship”. http//www.akadot.com/article/article-censorship1.html


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Your negative opinion on supply marketing boards in Ontario can be reversed it will not take long. Supply Marketing Boards are organized and managed by governments to make sure that there is a stable supply of agricultural commodities for consumers and the food industry. Marketing Boards work by joining producers together in an agreement that enables them to control markets by selling the products at a price and the quota established by the marketing board. The government controls the amount of these products that are imported and imported from other countries. Producers of supply-managed commodities had the highest on-farm income at $,70for poultry and egg, and $6,00 for dairy. These producers also had the lowest percentage of income coming from off-farm employment, which was 4.8 percent and .6 percent. Supply marketing boards provides producers with fair returns and consumers with quality products and fair prices. It also promotes stable economic activity in the rural areas of our province.


Benefits to the producer


One of the problems that farmers face is that when they bring their products to market they don’t know what price they are going to get. Through supply marketing boards farmers no longer have to worry about this issue because they are given a fixed quota at a fair price allowing them to earn a reasonable income. With Supply Marketing Boards they now have knowledge of how much revenue or income they will be receiving at the end of the year. In a free market they have to worry about losing money when there is low prices or when there is overproduction in the marketplace. The government provides a limit on the amount of goods that is produced to sell in the market.


Small farmers are disadvantaged because large farm operations can produce a greater amount of supply and can sell their product at a lower price because their cost to produce is lower. Under this system it forms an alliance with the farmers instead of having them compete against one another. An action called Price Pooling is performed when all the sales are deposited into pool accounts. All the farmers receive a payment upon delivery. Farmers receive a final payment in accordance to the returns exceeding the sum of total payments. If the returns do not exceed the sum then the federal government makes up the difference. This occurs to avoid the risk of bankruptcy between inadequate farm industries or a great loss.





Benefits to the consumer


Supply management benefits the consumer in numerous ways. Consumers pay a steady, fair price in the market for the agricultural products they would be interested in purchasing and can be assured of a consistent supply. Consumers of the food industry do not have to worry about shortages as well as a disruption in supply. Shortages can cause economic disruption.


Farmers are not under pressure to diminish the quality, to include additives or hormones to affect the quality of the product. Under supply management, farmers know they have a good market and do not have to save money by supplying the market with efficient quality products. It is a high priority to supply consumers with high quality goods.


Benefits for the ECONOMY


Marketing Boards provide National Security for Canada because they allow Canada to become dependent on local products. Disruption in supply can occur from trade disputes or diseases such as Mad Cow Disease. It allows stable production, avoids shortages, and over supply in the market place. This allows industries and consumers a steady supply. Stable Prices provide consumer with a stable, fair price including providing farmers with stable income. Stable prices are necessary to help any economy function properly. They help to keep farm employment constant and help rural areas maintain a stable economy.


Conclusion


Without Supply Marketing Boards there would be many economic problems in Canada. Farmers do not lose because of over production, small farm industries are at an advantage, and farmers have knowledge of their income coming in. Consumers do not worry about shortages, consumers receive quality goods, and they pay a reasonable price for their products. The economy is provided with national security, stable production, and stable supply. Supply Marketing Boards are beneficial to everybody, the producer, the consumer, and the Canadian economy. We need Supply Management in Ontario to keep our economy stable.








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edfefrefDeath in Emily Dickinson’s Poetry


Emily Dickinson was largely known for her morbid writings that seemed to mirror her own life. Her best works were written after the death of a close friend or family member.


deceiving loves, and family members deaths greatly influenced her writings that were a mere attempt to let others know of her problems. The two poems “Because I could not stop for Death” and “I heard a Fly buzz when I Died” reflect the same subject matter but convey two substantially different


dickinson poetry Safe In Their Alabaster Chambers This poem, one of Dickinsons best-known works, contrasts the qualities of stillness with those of life. In the first stanza she emphasizes the timelessness of death; the meek members of the resurrection sleep in their coffins untouched





Death, Nature, and Love In the Writings of Emily Dickinson Not one of Emily Elizabeth Dickinson’s readers has met the woman who lived and died in Amherst, Massachusetts more than a century ago, yet most of those same readers who have come to understand her through her work feel as if they know her ...


Emily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Stephen Whitehead Mrs. Etheridge English Honors 10 0 April 001 Emily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Emily Dickinson was largely known for her morbid writings that seemed to mirror her own life. Her best works were written after the death of a close friend or family member ...


Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America’s most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicatedEmily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Stephen Whitehead Mrs. Etheridge English Honors 10 0 April 001 Emily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Emily Dickinson was largely known for her morbid writings that seemed to mirror her own life. Her best works were written after the death of a close friend or family member ...


Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America’s most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicatedEmily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Stephen Whitehead Mrs. Etheridge English Honors 10 0 April 001 Emily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Emily Dickinson was largely known for her morbid writings that seemed to mirror her own life. Her best works were written after the death of a close friend or family member ...


Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America’s most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicatedEmily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Stephen Whitehead Mrs. Etheridge English Honors 10 0 April 001 Emily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Emily Dickinson was largely known for her morbid writings that seemed to mirror her own life. Her best works were written after the death of a close friend or family member ...


Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America’s most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicatedEmily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Stephen Whitehead Mrs. Etheridge English Honors 10 0 April 001 Emily Dickinson The Lonely Poet Emily Dickinson was largely known for her morbid writings that seemed to mirror her own life. Her best works were written after the death of a close friend or family member ...


Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson made a large influence on poetry, she is known as one of America’s most famous poets. With close to two thousand different poems and one thousand of her letters to her friends that survived her death Emily Dickinson showed that she was a truly dedicated





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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Maslow Theory and ERG Theory. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Maslow Theory and ERG Theory paper right on time.

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The most well known theory of motivation is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It consists of five needs. They are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self �actualization. Maslow separated the five needs into higher and lower needs and broke it down further into internal and external needs. The needs are laid out in five broad layers. The first is the Physiological Needs. These needs are those required to sustain life such as air, water, shelter, sleep and bodily needs. The second is Safety and this includes living in a safe place, job security, and protection from harm. The third need is Social and this is the first higher level. This includes needs for friends, needs for belonging, need to give and receive love, and give and receive affection. The fourth is esteem. These needs may be classified as internal or external. Internal esteem needs are those related to self-esteem such as self-respect and achievement. External esteem needs are those such as social status and recognition. Some Esteem needs are self- respect, achievement, attention, recognition and reputation. The fifth need is Self- Actualization. This is the summit of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is reaching one’s full potential as a person. It includes growth, self-fulfillment, truth, wisdom and meaning. Self-actualized persons have occurrences or energized moments of happiness and harmony. According to Maslow only a small percent ever reach this Self-Actualization need.


Maslow’s hierarchy makes sense from an intuitive standpoint but there has been little evidence to prove that it only works one step at a time or that you cannot do more than one step at a time. In some cultures social needs are placed before other needs.


Maslow’s hierarchy lacks scientific support but it is quite well known and is the first theory of motivation to which many people are exposed. As the needs become satisfied the next need becomes dominant. “If you ever want to motivate someone, according to Maslow, you need to understand what level of the hierarchy that person is currently on and focus on satisfying the needs at or above that level” (Robbins, 00, p 156).


Clayton Alserfer developed the ERG theory to address some of Maslow’s theories. The ERG is also a need-based model. It is also about motivation. It is based on the work of Maslow but it differs in some important aspects. Alderfer reduced the number of needs to three because some of the middle needs/levers of Maslow’s hierarchy have some overlap. The letters ERG stand for Existence, Relatedness, and Growth. Existence needs are concerned with survival. The relatedness needs is the desire to have interpersonal, social relationships and the Growth need is an individuals intrinsic desire for personal development.





The ERG theory allows for different levels of needs to be pursued simultaneously. Alderfer believed that needs are more of a continuum than a hierarchical level and does not think that a lower level/need has to be fulfilled for a higher level/need to become predominant. Also the more the growth needs are satisfied, the more they will increase in intensity. The ERG theory allows the order of the needs to be different for different people and it acknowledges that if a higher level need remains unfulfilled, the person may regress to lower level need that appear easier to satisfy. This would be known as the frustration-regression principle. The hierachical aspect in the ERG model is not so rigid.





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Why Is Social Drinking Taboo?


In 16 an article appeared in the Los Angeles Times promoting positive drinking. The author, Stanton Peel, suggested that schools should teach kids “the truth about drinking” (Peele “Tell children”). He argued that it is wrong to teach children that alcohol is completely bad when many people drink it for pleasure, and everyone does not do so in excess. The message that abusing alcohol has many negative effects ranging from liver disease to levels of brain damage is well preached throughout schools, on television, and in the news. However, studies also show some positive health benefits as well as emotional benefits that drinking alcohol in moderation can have.


In a society that no longer promotes abstinence but now parades safe sex and contraceptives, how can moderate drinking still be regarded as bad? Could it be that the negative aspects of alcohol consumption outweigh those of sexual activity? While possible, this is more than likely not the case. The resulting consequence of alcohol consumption can have both positive and negative elements. How then can so many people label all alcohol consumption as bad? More than likely these people against moderate social drinking deny that moderation exists. It is possible that they feel that people cannot control themselves�that humans are merely animals driven by pleasure and personal drive and ultimately incapable of being responsible.


The fact that alcohol abuse has many negative effects ranging from liver disease to levels of brain damage is well known in the United States, and much like its negative effects, the measure of benefits of alcohol are slowly being realized. Mark Keller, a research specialist for the Center of Alcohol Studies at Rutgers University notes that “the first effect of a moderate amount of drink is actually stimulating�not necessarily relaxing�and my allow more efficient rather than less efficient mental performance” (Keller 86-87). While the debate on negative and positive effects of alcohol, it is unreasonable to say that simply for health reasons, alcohol consumption is completely bad and should be banned.





What is the origin of this negative view of all alcohol? In another article, Peele studied different views of alcohol and impact of these views on drinking practices, and attempted to answer this question. In his study, Peele found “the dominant contemporary vision of alcohol in the United States is that alcohol (a) is primarily negative and has exclusively hazardous consequences, (b) leads frequently to uncontrollable behavior, and (c) is something that young people should be warned against” (Peele “Promoting Positive Drinking”). The idea behind alcohol being evil began with 150 to 00 years ago with the temperance movement. Peele says, “although this idea has varied in its intensity since then . . . the idea that alcohol is bad takes a number of forms. For the following reasons, people during this time period believed that alcohol should be totally eradicated from society.


· Alcohol is an addictive substance whose use inevitably leads to increased, compulsive, and uncontrollable use.


· Alcoholism underlies most, indeed practically all, modern social problems (unemployment, wife and child abuse, emotional disorders, prostitution, and so on).


· Alcohol conveys no discernable social benefits. (Promoting Positive Drinking)


Most important to note is the second reason that Peele found. While this attribute refers to alcoholism, this view clearly often carries over to all alcohol consumption. As a major cause of many of the social problems of the day, alcoholism rightfully holds this view. However, this is where many people make a theoretical leap. Since pleasure plays a role in both ordinary and problematic drinking, the message becomes conveyed that drinking must in general be bad. Certain religions, for instance, forbid all alcohol consumption. In Christianity, there are many Biblical references about drinking alcohol. The Bible gives some warnings about “being drunk with wine wherein is excess” (Ephesians 518) but then says, “wine that maketh glad the heart of man” (Psalm 10415). It also notes “Who hath woe? . . . who hath babbling? Who hath wounds, without cause? Who hath redness of eyes,” and it speaks of “they that tarry long at the wine” (Proverbs ). Moslem and Mormon societies also formally rule out all alcohol use (Promoting Positive Drinking). In a study on substance abuse in Israel, Jordan and Palestine, scientists investigated substance abuse among Christian, Moslem, and Druze adolescents. Moslems belong to a culture “which theoretically condemns the use of alcohol beverages in any form” (Weiss 178). When asked about their abstention to alcohol, the greatest response from Moslem adolescents was that “religion is intolerant of alcohol use” (Weiss 10). The common view is that all religion is completely against alcohol, when that is simply not the case. In addition, many religions use alcohol in religious ceremonies. In Judaism, there is a season where one is commanded to drink to excess. Religion can not be the source behind the view that all alcohol consumption is bad.


Mark Keller states about the discovery of alcohol that even among the early religious community, “men found alcoholic beverages to be good�as food, as drink, as medicine.” He also says that this safe conclusion “is matched by the certainty that they found the same beverages to be evil” (Keller 81). The underlying assumption in this malevolent view of alcohol is that anything found to be good could also be bad in excess as with alcohol. Although this assumption seems quite commonsensical, the heart of this is really saying that humans have essentially no self-control and must be told something is bad if it can be misused. Ultimately, anyone who views alcohol in moderation as bad must hold a part of this view.


Common knowledge is that moderate drinking has positive as well as negative attributes. Whether social benefits or physical detriments, alcohol consumption is definitely not completely bad in moderation. Often religion is used for the reason why people are completely against alcohol. However, even religion does not completely abolish drinking in moderation. There is essentially only one reason to hold a completely negative view of alcohol. One must feel in part that humans are merely animals incapable of self-control and rational decision. This is the true source of the taboo surrounding alcohol. What makes alcohol so taboo in society is not the consumption of it, it is the assumption that the users will not be able to control themselves.


Weiss, Shoshana et al. “Substance abuse studies in Israel, Jordan and Palestine” Addiction. 4() 177-18. 1.


Curry, David. “Crime Crusades and Corruption Prohibition in the United States, 100-187”. American Journal of Sociology. 6() 78-7. 10.


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Since there were demand and supply towards human resources, especially in the business world, whether or not it was for either supply and mobilization of simple manpower or effective use of expert manpower, it is generally agreed that the activities of effectively and efficiently making use of people’s skills and relevant ability to the work and ,going further, applying these things into practice have been regarded as an essential factor in competing with rivals and making more profit by it.


With the advent of the term, it is true that the term has been gone through the process of redefinition several times by many scholars. What is more, people have had slightly different ,or sometimes quite different, evaluation and opinion about effective value and usefulness of it.


This essay will deal with the question as to how the term ‘Human Resource Management’ has been perceived. It will look at its history and recent theories as well as making attempt to show its impact in Britain.


In order to define and fully understand the term ‘Human Resource Management’, it is important to trace its origin and phases it passed through. The roots of this profession can be found in the nineteenth century when pressure for reform of working conditions from members of labour movement and work of social performers like Robert Owen and Rowntree, which had been called the movement towards ‘industrial betterment’ made possible emergence of the earliest attempts at welfare policies. At the beginning responsibilities of the first welfare workers were mainly in “dispensing benefits to the deserving and unfortunate employees”(Torrington et al., 11 ).





The World War I pushed welfare workers to higher position, welfare services were made obligatory at Munitions factories; it was an industrial relations function in its modern sense that started to shape. The inter-war period characterised by the shift in the focus of the welfare officers from caring one to more organizational, to objectives such as staffing and training. In the 10s and 10s “in the large organizations, such as ICI…and Mark & Spencer, the first specialist personnel departments were formed”(Tyson and York, 000 55). Following new developments in works of thinkers like Taylor (1856-115), Fayol (1841-15) and Mayo (1880-14) personnel managers became more aware of administrative processes and management itself (Torrington et al, 00).


Second World War saw an embrace of personnel management practices not only by war factories were it expanded in its staffing aspects, but also by many anxious companies, which wanted to have maximum productivity; rise of trade unions, which helped to acquire new skills by practitioners in bargaining and institution such as joint consultation committees were established (Bratton and Gold, 1, 00).


During the next twenty years after Second World War personnel management grew once more in its position and became preoccupied with effectiveness of whole organisation, its focus changed from dealing mainly with employees towards dealing with management more than with employees (Tyson and York, 000). Next stage of development of personnel management from the 170s to the early 180s is usually associated with planning or workforce planning boosted by new technology (Torrington and Hall, 18).


The most recent phase of these profession took place from the late 180s when term Human resource management emerged in Britain. It is largely associated with “change of emphasis and attitude” (Torrington et al., 11 7) towards managing of human resource. For the last twenty five years academics and practitioners were arguing about origin and nature of human resource management and its definition. These are some definitions given to the human resource management at different time and by different authors


The main dimension of HRM [involve] the goal of integration [i.e., if human resources can be integrated into strategic plans, if human resource policies cohere, if line managers have internalised the importance of human resources and this is reflected in their behaviour and if employees identify with the company, then the company’s strategic plans are likely to be more successfully implemented], the goal of employee commitment, the goal of flexibility/adaptability [i.e., organic structures, functional flexibility], the goal of quality [i.e., quality of staff, performance, standards and public image].


(Guest, 187; cited by Legge, 15 65)


HRM is a strategic approach to the acquisition, motivation, development and management of the organization’s human resources. It is devoted to shaping an appropriate corporate culture and introducing programmes which reflect and support the core values of the enterprise and ensure its success.


(Armstrong, 11 4)


Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques.


(Storey, 15 5)


The Personnel function in organisations… can be considered in… terms of managing people [and] it is more likely to be described as Human Resource Management, it is the personnel specialist who helps to define the rules for managing people, but the fulfilment of personnel relations in the organisation resides, ultimately, in the quality of leadership provided by managers and supervisors.


(Cole, 171)


Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging people’s capabilities is critical to achieving sustainable competitive advantage, this being achieved through a distinctive set of integrated employment policies, programmes and practices.


(Bratton and Gold, 00 7)


Most of the authors, who wrote on this subject belong to different theoretical schools, which put out different models of Human Resource Management. There are at least five of them The Forbrun, Tichy and Devanna model, The Harvard model, The Guest model, The Warwick model and The Storey model. The Storey model of human resource management became very popular and has been referred to by many authors (Legge, 15; Bach and Sisson, 000; Armstrong, 000). Storey distinguishes two versions of Human Resource Management on of which can be identified as ‘soft’ and reflects developmental humanism, another as ‘hard’ and represents utilitarian instrumentalism. Most of the other models can be put under one or another version of human resource management in Storey model. Armstrong described Storey’s ‘hard’ approach to human resource management as emphasis on the importance of calculative and business strategic aspects of managing people as a resource.; in this context, it’s emphasizing resource management. The difference between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ described by Storey is in the way it sees people as “valued assets, a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptability and high quality (of skills, performance and so on)”(Storey, 18; cited by Armstrong, 000). However it is difficult to find in the reality a clear version of human resource management suggested by Storey; it is more likely that organisation will have a mixture of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ versions.


The question ‘is there difference personnel management and human resource management’ is put on the pages of nearly all book about Human Resource Management or Personnel Management. This is very important question for understanding terminology but unfortunately there is no consistency and actually big diversity in answers for it. For some authors like Armstrong, who gives an answer for the question sated above “it is simply a re-labelling and repackaging of ‘progressive’ personnel management”(Bratton and Gold, 00)


HRM is regarded by some personnel managers as just a set of initials or old wine in new bottles. It could indeed be no more and no less than another name for personnel management, but as usually perceived, at least it has the virtue of emphasising treating people as a key resource, the management of which is the direct concern of top management as part of the strategic planning processes of the enterprise. Although there is nothing new in the idea, insufficient attention has been paid to it in many organizations. The new bottle of label can help to overcome that deficiency.


(Armstrong, 187; cited by Armstrong, 000)


Other authors defend that HRM is a completely new way of management people and have more differences than similarities with Personnel Management. “David Guest (187) emphasises the differences between the two approaches in his model illustrating ‘stereotypes of personnel management and human resource management’”(Torrington et al., 00 10)


As it can be seen from everything that have been said above Human Resource Management is more likely to be a new approach to the Personnel Management equipped with the new techniques and approaches. The history of Personnel Management, which has been outlined above, shows a very interesting pattern. Firstly, throughout the years this profession added a new ways of carrying out work and a new techniques brought by changes of the historical situation. Secondly, each time a new change appear in the work, profession changed its name which was largely associated with the part it played in particular time. It seems that argument putted by Torrington is largely correct


Personnel management has grown through assimilating a number of additional emphases to produce an ever-richer combination of expertise. HRM is no revolution but a further dimension to a multi-faceted role.


(Torrington, 18; cited by Armstrong, 000)


Since its emergence in Great Britain the term ‘Human Resource Management’ have been associated with coming of the new ideas and practices. It can be argued that there are no new ideas and practices but new approach, new emphasis and new angle from which we view the old ideas and practices. Some of them will be explored to show to what extend, if any, they have effected British employee relations is the last twenty five years.


First of all an important part of any organisation is it’s employee, their involvement and commitment to the organisation and its goals. In theory Human Resource Management should try to achieve next outcome thought its practices a “committed employee” who “will willingly identify with corporate goals and work flexibly to achieve them”(Pilbeam and Corbridge, 00 1). Some part of employee commitment had been measured in WERS thought these statements


• I share many of the values of my organisation;


• I feel loyal to my organisation; and,


• I am proud to tell people who I work for.


(Cully et al., 1 185)


The respond from employees of all levels were mostly united in agreeing to all statements, yet most widespread commitment and especially loyalty were shown by professional managerial staff, the least by skilled workers. It should be pointed out that commitment usually exist in close link with job satisfaction and job security (Cully et al., 1). In part of involvement some sings of differences, brought by new practices, can be seen for activities like regular meetings, problem-solving groups and staff attitude surveys, yet this changes occur in less than a half of workplaces (Sisson and Storey, 000). However, in less than a half of organizations participating in groups are rewarded; surveys taking place mainly in large organizations.


The training and development is second in line of practices. The term human resource management by itself gives emphasis to the human capability or managing people as recourse, which “implies that people are an investment; the latter that people are a cost, or commodity, to be minimized and to be efficiently deployed. If HRM is to have a distinguishing characteristic, however, which marks it out as a different way of managing, it has to be…in focusing on the development of people” (Hendry, 15 4). Training had been received by employees as formal ‘off-the-job’ training in over eighty per cant places. The proportion of employees received training varied depending on sector of business and size as well as occupation of employee. In public sector it was higher than in workplace which is a part of bigger organisation (57 per cent and 47 respectively). Availability of employee development plan will be discussed later.


The biggest issue is the strategic integration, which often pointed out as crucial element of HRM in it distinction from personnel management (Beardwell and Holden, 001). The vertical integration is aimed to “achieve a close relationship between business strategy and people management strategy” at the same time horizontal integration is aimed to “ensure that personnel and development activities are mutually reinforcing… in other words, the pursuit of a business focus to people management which creates and sustains competitive advantage”(Pilbeam and Corbridge, 00 1).In pursuit of strategic integration several problems occur first and foremost is how to assess integration and on what level it should be to be recognised as one (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 00). Workplace Employee Relations Survey 18 demonstrate that nearly seventy per cant of workplaces had a formal strategic plan, which enclosed as it part the employee development plan, over eighty per cent of human resource managers from these participated in its preparation (Cully et al., 1) The links between corporate strategy and Human Resource Strategy are very problematic to find and measure. Depending on the size of the organisation there can be no link (usual cause is insufficient human resource strategy) or Human Resource Strategy is driven by corporate, in other cases it could be other way around. Some authors stress that integration depends on several factors position of most senior human resource manager/director, attitude of company towards people’s value and so on. Research conducted by Hall and Torrington in 18 shows increase in a senior positions among human resource practitioners between 184 and 14 up to 6 pre cent, then again only a little over fifty per cent of them had role which included decision-making (Torrington et al., 00).


The table below shows the use practices, however, the use of some of them could be more widespread


Table 1.1 Percentage of workplaces using ‘new’ management practices and employee involvement schemes.


Appraisal and reward


Most non-managerial employees have performance formally appraised 56


Individual PRP scheme for non-managerial employees 11


Employee share ownership scheme for non-managerial employees 15


Profit-sharing scheme operated for non-managerial employees 0





Involvement and participation


Workplace level joint consultative committee 8


Regular meetings of entire workforce 7


Problem-solving groups (e.g. quality circles) 4


Staff attitude survey conducted in last five years 45


Workplace operates a system of team briefing for groups of employees 61


Most employees work in formally designated teams 65





Training and development


Most employees receive minimum of five days training a year 1


Most supervisors trained in employees relations skills 7





Status and security


Guaranteed job security or no compulsory redundancy policy 14


‘Single status’ between managers and non-managerial employees 41


Workplace operates a just-in-time system of inventory control


Attitudinal test before making appointments





Base all workplaces with 5 or more employees


Figures are weighted and based on response from 1,6 managers


(Source Cully et al., 18; cited by Sisson and Storey, 000)


During the last quarter of the century debates never stopped concerning definition and impact of Human Resource Management in Britain. It can’t be argued that since 180’s management of employee relations has passed through major changes, which occur in all its aspects. The whole business environment has changed, some miner and some radical. However, the main subject of now human resource management didn’t it is still people (Millward, 000).





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