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In the future, I plan to acquire a degree in law and ethics or maybe some kind of businessman.


I hope to continue my education at the university. A successful career is very important for my future. I hope one day that I have a financially secure job that is enjoyable and where I can earn some money. I think that a place like the University in Copenhagen can help me with some of my dreams, and of cause the academy in Sorø.


I have many thoughts about my favourite jobs.


A police officer was one of my first ideas, because I have always dreamed about to carry a gun and a uniform. But the job wasn’t well-paid enough. I have always used a lot of money, and that’s a big problem. I need to have the newest car and the biggest house when I get older, surely because I’m a luxury kid.





I’m interested in politics, but not enough to be a political. I’m also very interested in human rights and justice, so that’s why I have made some thoughts being a lawyer. But also money and trading have crossed my mind.


My future may not be as clear as I would like it to be, but I hope that my school and my family can help me in the career which is good for me.


I think that a higher education is vital to a person’s future.


not so many words but aleast ones....im sorry come again later!


In diesen Moment wies die Polizei doch nicht was passiert in der Bank. Einige tot und sieben Geiseln. „Das Geld! Schnell!“ Schrieet Uwe. Keine Reaktion aus den Bankpersonale. Sie sah nur an den Bankkaufmann. Er schasst eine neue Frau. Sie wird in dem Bein geschasst. Alle erwachten.


Ein Bankassistent versuchtet jetzt die Bankbox zu öffnen. Er fummelte mit den Schlüsseln. „Schnell“ � rief Uwe. Der Box wird jetzt öffnen. Der Bankassistent lag das Geld in einen großen schwatzen Sack. Wenn der Bande beschäftigen mit dem Geld zu nehmen, eine andere Person betätigte den Alarm.


Der Bande wird jetzt in Panik. Per nahm den Hinterausgang. Sie lief aus der Bank.


Sirenen in der Ferne.





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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Dwayne Niatum's She Keeps the Dance Turning Like the Earth. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Dwayne Niatum's She Keeps the Dance Turning Like the Earth paper right on time.

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Dwane Niatum’s “She Keeps The Dance Turning Like The Earth” is about a young man named Crow who faces his sister Claire’s suicide. Unable to work and his love ,Rachel, ready to leave him, he takes the necessary steps to get his life back together. Crow’s struggles to overcome his loss take him on an emotional journey that eventually leads to a remarkable transformation and the healing of his soul. Crow goes from an overwhelming sadness, to guilt and confusion, to an unemotional neglect of his life, and finally, to an exorcism and a return to creativity.


In the first part of the story Crow is feeling overwhelmed with sadness at the news of Claire’s suicide. As he speaks to Rachel on the telephone his mind is not there. “Slowly he becomes a mountain bird drifting beyond the Hoko River” (15). Crow’s mind is drifting away to another place and time. He is going to visit Claire’s grave and needs to be alone.


In the second part, a day or two later, Crow is struggling to deal with guilt and confusion. He sits by her grave and talks to Claire, trying to come to an understanding of what has happened. He asks her, “Will I ever know why you stopped in midair?”(16). He feels as if he is going “mad” because he needs to know “why” and she cannot answer him. His mind is in a state of confusion. They had been through so much together as children and “together they had outran the nightmare”(16). Crow feels a sense of guilt because she was too young and full of life to die and he should have been there for her no matter what.





In part three, nearly three months later, Crow begins to pay attention to the fact that he is losing track of time, neglecting his work and avoiding Rachel, who is trying everything she can to get him to snap out of it. She tells him, “Claire wouldn’t want you to fall apart, throw your life in the river”(1). He cannot stand hurting Rachel anymore, but is haunted by visions of Claire drowning. He feels his spirit is broken and that a demon is lurking inside him. Crow realizes that he must find a way to overcome his grief or he will lose everything, including Rachel. It is time for a transformation.


As he walks down by the river, Crow makes a final decision to end the suffering. He looks at his reflection and sees the past rising up out of the water as horrible masks, and he knows it is time to get rid of them all! “He owes it to Rachel, himself and maybe more importantly, to Claire’s spirit dancing somewhere out there over the water, still turning like the earth”(11). He feels the demons leaving him, like an exorcism, and “the flight of his soul on its’ long journey home”(11). He senses a form of healing taking place as he swims in the icy water and his creativity returning.


In part four, the conclusion, Crow returns home a new man, his emotional journey at its end and his transformation and healing complete. He is reminded of his grandfather and inspired to carve the animals of his people. He presents Rachel with the first of a series of sculptures, “Heron Growing Still With Water”(11). Crow is happy and wants to make Rachel happy also. There is hope for the future at last.


Works Cited


Niatum, Duane. Earth Power Coming “She Keeps the Dance Turning Like the


Earth.” Simon J. Ortiz. Tsaile, Arizona Navajo Community College Press,


18. 15-1








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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on advertising. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality advertising paper right on time.

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Nowadays, advertising plays a major role in everyday life. Companies are constantly searching for new ways to attract potential customers and to distance themselves from traditional and outdated marketing methods.


One very effective form of advertising which is widely used is “shock advertising”. It is usually used to highlight a problem and by exposing this problem in a stark and shocking manner so as to leave an imprint on the viewer. Good examples of these types of ads are the Oxfam ads showing extremely poorly and sick children starving in third world countries and the hard-hitting ads for the NSPCC in which abused children speak directly to the viewer, exposing the treatment they receive at the hands of their tormentors.


Another very popular form of advertising is comical advertising. Various companies opt for the funny and sometimes outrageous approach when selling their product. They hope that by making him laugh, they will leave their mark with the viewer and the next time he visits the supermarket, their product will stick out by simple association to the ad. A few examples of this type of advert are the ones for various lagers such as “Stella Artois” and “Fosters”. The only problem with funny advertising is that not everyone has the same sense of humour and so each advert will only attract certain people.





With the advances in technology over the years, new forms of advertising and also new platforms for advertising are appearing. The most notable of these platforms is, of course, the internet. Internet sites have become a marketing haven for companies wishing to sell a product and one can seldom visit a website without stumbling upon and ad for something or another. From simple banners at the top of a webpage to hugely annoying “pop-up ads”, the possibilities are endless. The main reason for the huge popularity of advertising on the Web is that each advert is going to reach more people in less time as the internet is available worldwide.


Most companies make profit from these forms of advertising but it isn’t the case for consumers because they get into debts to pay for the products.


Advertising really is at the forefront of innovation nowadays. With marketing methods constantly receiving makeovers to keep up with the changing of times and the new generation, who knows what and ad will look like 50 years from now?








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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Education is instrumental. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Education is instrumental paper right on time.

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Education is instrumental


The importance of a college education has increased in resent years and has become just as important as a high school diploma. Todays workforce is very competitive and in order to maintain a competitive edge a college education is a must. Although a higher education is extremely helpful, it does not guarantee a successful career but it can defiantly be a step in the right direction. The aspects of my life that will be affected mostly by a good education are, my personal life, my professional life and the direction of my future.


My mother has always stressed the importance of a college education, she has always wanted my life to be easier then hers was just in case life throws me a curve down the road I can take care of myself and not struggle like she did. My mother grew up in a generation that did not stress an education especially for women. My mother was married with one child by the time she graduated high school. So instead of fulfilling her dream of attending college she became a house wife and raised three kids. My parents divorced after 16 years of marriage and my mother was left with three children and no education, she was able to turn her hobby into a profession and became a seamstress. After many years of this she realized that she wanted more for us and herself. She enrolled in a community college and received her Associate Degree in Accounting. This was not an easy task for her as she was


FILSON





dealing with three rebellious kids. Upon graduation she was able to get a really good paying job that influenced her to keep pursuing her education and was able to finish her Bachelors degree and this fall she received her Masters degree.


It is very important for me to complete my college education not only for self improvement, but also so I can provide a financially stable home for my family. I want my son and future children to be able to reap the rewards of my hard work . I guess like my mother wanted more for my life I want the very best for them. I also feel that by my husband and me possessing our college degrees it will have a strong influence on our children and they will also want to further their education. With a college education and my military experience I have a grater chance of succeeding in my field and life. I feel I have an advantage over others because of the values and personal experiences I have acquired while in the military that is unparallel by any other life experience.


My education triumph has not been easy my husband and I are sacrificing a lot to complete our college education. We have a four-year plan and in that time frame we would both finish our degrees and have another child.





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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Inclusion in the classroom. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Inclusion in the classroom paper right on time.

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I will post an original essay on inclusion. I have previous experience writing essays but wanted to see a sampling of what you had in your database. I think the service that you offer will serve as a resource for those who have difficulty coming up with an original idea for an essay.


Inclusion works when the parties involved are committed to making it work. The overriding concern should be for the child whose learning will be impacted from an environment that is safe and nurturing. It behooves us as educators to deliver instruction to students with special needs in the least restrictive environment as possible.


Research has demonstrated that students with special needs are often segregated and placed in learning environments away from the regular education population. The only mainstreaming that is provided is during lunch and/or activity. Often times, what happens is these students fail to develop the social skills needed to interact with their peers. Moreover, in a restrictive environment, there is little expectation for achievement. Typically what happens is these students tend to fall further and further behind their counterparts because they lack the challenges needed to develop their skills beyond what is presented in their classroom.


In conclusion, teachers need special training to prepare for teaching students with special needs in the regular education classroom.





I have a more detailed essay that I will post. But this is as much as I recall about the original essay I wrote that was accepted in my writings on inclusion in the classroom. after 4 hours, you may suspend my ability to access this website. It was not my intent to write this much. But, I could not get past the webpapge to view what has been posted on inclusion as a comparison to my writings. This is not for use outside of viewing for acceptance to view your databases.


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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Australian Companies are required to adopt International Accounting Standards by 1st January 2005. What are the reasons for this move and what problems does it cause for financial reporting by these companies?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Australian Companies are required to adopt International Accounting Standards by 1st January 2005. What are the reasons for this move and what problems does it cause for financial reporting by these companies? paper right on time.

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Before we touch on the reasons and problems on financial reporting by Australian Companies, I shall give a brief introduction of International Accounting Standards and its impact on Australian Companies.


Introduction


Under the strategy announced by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) at its meeting on 8 June 00 and publicly announced on July 00 (refer FRC Bulletin 00/4, July 00, www.frc.gov.au), the Australian Accounting Board is obligated to work towards the full implementation of International Accounting Standards in Australia in respect of financial years commencing on or after 1 January 005.


The objective for creation of a set of international accounting standards is premised very much on the assumed resultant enhancement to the efficiency of the capital markets and the consequent reduced cost of capital that would result from the existence of a set of globally acceptable accounting standards that resulted in high quality, comparable and transparent financial reporting. This is evidenced by the fact that the driving force behind the European Union’s decision to require EU listed companies to prepare their consolidated accounts in accordance with IASB standards from 1 January 005 is desire of the EU to create a single capital market.





The fundamental to the success of the FRC 005 strategy therefore is the ability of the IASB to have a set of high quality accounting standards in place sufficiently early so that companies in Australia are well placed to ensure their appropriate adoption on a timely basis.





Reasons for Australian Companies to adopt IAS


Reductions in the cost of capital through the resolution of uncertainty;


Relating to the interpretation and implementation of national standards;


Administrative benefits arising from the ease of filing in multiple jurisdictions and the resultant simplicity in the development of common accounting systems in place of adjusting, reconciling and explaining different bases applied in different countries;


Enhanced comparability and transparency of financial reporting requirements and credibility of the reported information;


Facilitation of cross-border investment and fund raising and the removal of an impediment to a more efficient allocation of resources;


Lower investment risk because it reduces an element of risk associated with understanding foreign financial reporting for investors and lenders.


Listed EU Companies will comply with IAS, this is the main driving force for Australian companies to move towards IAS.


Australian Investors gain as IAS are superior quality and give rise to high quality financial reports.


High cost of reconciling accounts between international regimes for Australian companies before the introduction of IAS.


Australia’s small capital market means we need to conform to attract international capital.


Reasons for Australian Users adopting IAS


From the standpoint of the users of financial statements (e.g. investors, banks or owner) one can see the following advantages. Investors, banks or owners are interested in obtaining information, which enables them to make buy/sell/hold investment decisions. We argue, that similar financial statements would make it possible for users of financial statements to make useful comparisons between countries and companies. This can be explained with the circumstances that similar transactions are accounted for and reported in the same manner everywhere in the world. With other words, similar Accounting Standards lead to a better comparability between companies. It would enable investors, banks or financial analysts to make better decisions. Therefore, greater comparability results in better understanding, lower risks and more efficient selections of investments. Choi et al. argue that “financial statement users have difficulty interpreting information produced under non-domestic Accounting Systems. They claim that harmonization will make it more likely that users will interpret the information correctly, and thus make better decisions based on that information” (Choi et al., 00).


For the society at large it can be said that harmonized Accounting Standards are important, because they lead to a well-developed and good functioning capital market. That is important in our view, because companies and others can raise money for investments there. This again is a pre-condition for a good economy and development. (Epstein and Mirza, 001)


The main advantage for Australian companies to use financial data would be the better comparability of financial data. In contrary Pellens asks, whether harmonized Accounting Standards are actually necessary for participants of the capital market. He argues that for understanding such rules, detailed knowledge of those is necessary. Maybe Pellens is right that not all analysts will understand the rules of IAS. Therefore, we think it is important for the IASB to further work for an understanding of their standards. He argues further that national comparisons with competitors and branch information are in first line necessary, for analysts to make comparisons. He is of the opinion that only in second line international comparisons with foreign companies are made, which would mean that international Accounting Standards are not needed. (Pellens, 001) We consider his last argument only to be true for small enterprises. International comparisons are in our view of high importance for the evaluation of the performance of global acting companies.


Another statement, made by Goeltz, is that global capital markets would even have developed without international Accounting Standards. (Goeltz in Choi et al., 00) We agree with Goeltz on that aspect. On the other hand it is obvious that the need for reconciliation or a full preparation of financial statements according to foreign Accounting Standards are barriers to the free competition of capital.


Problems cause in adopting IAS for financial reporting by Australian Companies.


(A) The adoption of some IASC standards on issues where there is no equivalent Australian standard.


The program involves the introduction of standards where there are no equivalent Australian standards, for example, borrowing costs, accounting for superannuation liabilities, provisions and contingencies and intangible assets.


However, concerns have been expressed by the Business Community (Group 100) and others about some outcomes of the program for example, the failure in ED 84 Acquisition of Assets to propose harmonisation in respect of pooling of interests. The Group of 100 has indicated to the Board that the process of harmonisation will involve a balancing of some benefits (such as harmonisation with some requirements that are not presently permitted in Australia, for example, pooling of interests) and some costs (such as removal of some current practices).


(B) A challenging program of revision and harmonisation with new developments


An important feature of the program is the renovation and refurbishment of the fabric of Australian standards. Many standards, which were developed several years ago, are in need of care, maintenance and updating, for example, profit and loss statements, inventories, segment reporting, and extractive industries. This has not occurred because of a lack of resources and new projects being given a higher priority.


The updating of old standards and the filling of gaps in the suite of standards will benefit the preparers and in particular, the users of financial reports.


The harmonisation program and the cooperation between standard-setters, for example, the G4+1, is also resulting in a convergence in the approach to issues, which are being dealt with at approximately the same time. Projects on provisions and contingencies, impairment of assets, performance reporting and the recognition and measurement of financial instruments have been initiated during this period.


It is anticipated that an enhanced financial reporting framework resulting from the program will provide more relevant and reliable information for decision making which will result in improvements in the efficiency of capital markets and in corporate governance and accountability.


(C) Effect on domestic standards


Part of the price of globalizations is that the international standard-setter may not give Australian needs and circumstances the same emphasis, as would a national standard-setter. As such, in the absence of a strong national standard-setter with a clear brief on the quality of financial reporting and active participation in the development of international standards, there may be some erosion of quality in relation to domestic standards. However, the compensations for this are the benefits to the economy and international competitiveness of a move to international harmonisation, which is considered to be unavoidable in a period of globalization of commerce, technological and financial innovation.


We consider the following points as problems faced by the Australian companies


• Close relationship of IASB to philosophies of the Anglo-American Model


• Convergence means only to harmonize IAS and U.S.-GAAP


• Developing countries are neglected.


The international harmonization process of Accounting Standards started somewhere in the 160s’ and recent developments show that it is still going on. For us it seems interesting to reflect on this process and to ask about the characteristics (driving forces, actors, stages) of it.


(D) Differences in International Accounting Standards


Australia’s harmonisation of financial reporting requirements with the wider global community would confront a number of impediments because of inconsistencies between IASs, US GAAP and EU Directives. IASC-consistent reporting is unlikely to enhance Australia’s link to the world community. This could lead to potential negative consequences in both financial and product markets. Nevertheless, Hegarty (17) argued that purely national regimes are not conducive to the internationalization of markets, since differences in approach give rise to barriers to trade and investment. But it is problematic whether the choice of IASC standards is a step forward.


Moves to link Australian accounting standards to those of the IASC may be built on shaky ground, in that there is little evidence to suggest that this necessarily will improve international product and financial relations for companies reporting under Australian requirements. Given the magnitude of the potential downsides relating to the integrity and the comparability of financial reports and reporting in general, Australian professional bodies and the law need to consider their options carefully.





(E) Legal system


The Accounting world can be divided into “those countries which have a ‘legalistic’


orientation toward accounting and those with a ‘nonlegalistic’ orientation” (Nobes et al.,


178). The non-legalistic approach can be found in countries, which use common law. In common law countries, like Australia, Accounting does not depend upon law. Accountants (professional organizations) arrange accounting rules. Hence, it is the private sector, which determines Accounting and not the law (Choi et al., 00). The task of the legal system is to give an answer to a specific case rather than to formulate general rules for the future (Choi et al., 00).


The legalistic approach can be found in countries, which use the so-called code (or codified) law. In contrary to the common law, the codified law system needs to develop rules in detail for the Accounting and financial reporting (Nobes, 14). This means “Accounting rules are incorporated into national law and tend to be highly prescriptive and procedural” (Choi et al., 004). In these countries the role of law is to describe behaviour, which is considered to be acceptable in the society (Choi et al., 00).


(F) Provider of finance


The three main sources for external capital are shareholders, banks and government (Hill,


1). It varies from country to country, which of these three provides most of the financial capital to companies. In countries like Germany and Italy banks provide companies with capital. In countries like Australia, shareholders provide companies with capital. The government is the provider of capital in countries like France and Sweden. (Hill, 1) This diversity of capital providers means that Accounting Practices differ in order to satisfy needs of capital providers. In the case of shareholder ownership, (e.g. in the Australia), information disclosure will be more important than in countries, where capital is raised from banks or governments. This is explained by the fact that in the latter countries information will be transmitted more directly. (Radebaugh and Gray, 17)


It is impossible for Australian companies to inform each shareholder with its specific information needs, because they are a big and unorganized group. Therefore financial statements in the US and UK are “oriented toward providing individual investors with the information they need to make decisions about purchasing or selling corporate stocks and bonds” (Hill, 15). The Accounting Practices in countries with banks as main capital providers have an interest to protect bank’s investment. This led to more conservative methods, which are characterized by overvaluation of liabilities and underestimation of assets (Hill, 1). In countries where capital is provided by the government, Accounting Practices are oriented towards needs of governmental planners (Hill, 1).


(G) High Initial Costs


Difference in IAS and Australian Accounting Standard may result in extra cost involved that a change in the method of accounting practice. Initial cost will include re-training the accounting profession and the users of financial reports. Ongoing costs will stem largely form the need to identify, and even update for each reporting period, the tax base of assets and liabilities. Australian companies may face costs in installing systems that record the information in a way that enables the calculations to be readily performed.





Current Concerns By Australian Companies


A number of Australian companies and participants in the process have recently expressed concerns about the approach to harmonisation and the timing of the process. Overall, Australian companies support the principle of harmonisation but are concerned about


§ The approach on particular issues, for example, accounting for intangible assets;


§ The effect of adopting a new accounting requirement in respect of transactions and arrangements which were structured and undertaken under previous arrangements;


§ The perceived damage to competitive advantage resulting from the adoption of standards which are more restrictive than those applying to competitors;


§ The intensity of the international harmonisation program and the resultant lack of time to adequately review the proposed changes, their implications for current practice and to prepare submissions on exposure drafts etc; and


§ The process by which IASC standards are to achieve acceptance in international capital markets.


§ Australia’s accounting conceptual framework is more detailed than IAS


§ Adoption will dilute some of Australia’s current accounting standards.


§ Australia’s superior accounting standards represent a competitive advantage in a corporate world full of uncertainty at present.


§ Australia represents just 1% of the global equity capital market.


§ Adoption will result in the loss of Australia’s competitive advantage and a higher cost of capital for Australian companies.


Conclusion


Harmonisation and convergence of accounting standards are no longer just buzzwords and nice to have, they are very fast approaching reality. Although Australian standard-setters have been harmonizing the countrys accounting standards with IAS for a number of years, the move to full compliance with IAS still came as a great surprise to both the accounting fraternity and the corporate world, not only because of the short time frame for full compliance but also because of the wide ambit of its application.


While harmonisation has brought about many similarities between Australian standards and IAS, some substantial differences and gaps between the two sets of standards do exist. It is particularly the existence of these gaps in the Australian suite of standards that will have far-reaching impacts on the future financial reporting of Australian companies. They also present a great challenge for Australian companies in getting themselves ready for the new reporting regime.


Recommendations


To allow Australian companies easily adopt the International Accounting Standard,


I would like to make the below recommendations


First, IAS should consider the distinctive features on Australian market especially where the market economy is evolving. So that Australian companies can easily adopt IAS.


Second, IAS should allow alternative treatment in special case. For example, IAS should provide for another measurement basis, such as historical cost, when fair value is unable to be determined reliably.


Third, based on the current presentation of IAS, I suggest that IASB expand explanatory notes, implementation guidance and background information of each standard It will reduce the difficulties faced by standard setters and Australian companies while adopting IAS.


Fourth, I recommend that IASB publish IAS training materials to facilitate the education of the accounting profession and to improve their understanding and implementation of the standards.











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There are many mine locations around Australia and Moura Mine iss one of the most well knownMoura Mine has had a checkered history of ownership in recent years, beginning with the sale from Peabody Resources in 1 due to financial constraints. Colan Allied, a section of Hunter Valley, Rio Tinto took over until June 00, but currently Moura Mine is a jointly owned venture between Anglo Coal Australia (51% ownership) and Mitsui Coal (4%), a Japanese commodity trader. The mine site is located 184 kilometres west of Gladstone, Queensland (see figure XX, appendix) and covers a leased area of 0 55 hectares. (Moura Report, 00)


Thermal coal and soft coking coal are the two products obtained from the opencut and highwall operations. Total on-site production in 00 was 6 million tonnes, with predictions for this to increase over the next five years. (see graph XX, appendix) 85% of product is exported to Japan, the remainder going to South Korea, Taiwan and Europe. (see graph XX, appendix)


The Highwall methods used at Moura incorporate the Archveyor and Steep Dip systems, which operate from within the open pit. Archveyor was introduced in October 000 and is the only application of this technology in the world. It consists of a continuous miner that penetrates 10 metres into the seam and loads the coal onto a continuous flight conveyor system





Blair Athol is a joint venture between Pacific Coal (57.%), Leichhardt Coal (1.4% owned by UniSuper, Pacific Coal and the Electric Power Development Co Ltd of Japan), and the Japanese power utilities EPDC (Australia) Pty Ltd (8%) and JCD Australia Pty Ltd (.4%).





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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Idea of Being Illiterate. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Idea of Being Illiterate paper right on time.

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Triangle Vocabulary


Right Triangle � A triangle with an angle of 0-----o


Acute Triangle � A triangle with no angles more than 0 o.


Obtuse Triangle � A triangle with an angle of more than 0 o.


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Scalene Triangle - A triangle with no sides of the same length.


Isosceles Triangle � A triangle with two or more sides that are the same length.


Median of a Triangle � A line that goes through the center of a triangle.


Altitude of a Triangle � A line which shows the height of a triangle and creates a 0o angle at the bottom of the triangle.


Triangle Vocabulary


Right Triangle � A triangle with an angle of 0-----o


Acute Triangle � A triangle with no angles more than 0 o.


Obtuse Triangle � A triangle with an angle of more than 0 o.


Scalene Triangle - A triangle with no sides of the same length.


Isosceles Triangle � A triangle with two or more sides that are the same length.


Median of a Triangle � A line that goes through the center of a triangle.


Altitude of a Triangle � A line which shows the height of a triangle and creates a 0o angle at the bottom of the triangle.


Fifth chord is also called dominant because it tends to lead in root, also dimnished chord leads strongly to root because it is seventh and tries to accend to complete the harmony, but dimnished chord has no proper fifth so it is a little tricky chord to use well (thats why it is very rare in popular music). ALSO this works up side down! Let me explain, when we play root and go to fifth and back to root we could go back to the root we came from or forward to the root one octave higher, 4th up is same as 5th down, 7th up is same as nd down (make sure you understand this). Also minor rd and major 6th makes some harmony with root but you cant end chord progression to major rd or minor 6th, it wont sound complete! (Ok we can make it more complete if we use some other than basic chords...).


How to apply this in practise? Avoid using major 4th (or minor 6th)interval between chords in progression, with one expection the root note!!! You can basically go to any note from the root because it makes harmony with every other note in the scale, scales are in harmony with the root! THATS WHAT MAKES ROOT NOTE SO SPECIAL!!!


Other Three Note Chords


Now you know all I know about basic chords and making chord progression, it is time to move on.


Suspended chords (1--5 and 1-4-5) have given me a lot of more options on making chord progressions. How I realised how they can be used was when I were learning the Stairway To Heaven and that bridge part had that calssic Dsus, D, Dsus4. So if you have a chord in your song but you think it requires some ascending sound (without cahnging the root) use sus4 and in case of descending use sus. Also you can use sus4 instead of chords 4th chord and sus instead of 5th chord to make some variety in your playing. Try out this song by Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers - Free Fallin progression is |D-G-|GDA-| but when playing Dsus4 instead of G and Dsus instead of A and you get it almost same but it sounds much more Dish (I made a word )...


Ok sus chords are for moving rd of the chord, what if we move 5th? Well get Dadd11(no5) and D(add)7(no5) and I suggest you to try out those too (1--4) (1--6)... also try powerchords like 6th(sounds like minor rd) and 4th(sounds like 5th), also try playing 5th and then 6th and 5th again (dont change the root)... and 4th, rd, 4th (root, nd, root)...


But what if I want to change the root of the chord and make the chord remain same? Then we are talking about Slash chords, for example C/B would have notes B-E-G-C-E, but we were talking about three note chords so lets choose some note which belongs to C chord, we have two options C/G and C/E and now we are talking about chord invertions, I am not sure but I think the first inversion is C/C, second inversion is C/E (rd of the chord) and third inversion is C/G... I havent introduced myself with inversions...


Ok actually C/E is called first inversion and C/G is second inversion...


Ill continue with 4 and more note chords later and tell what they are good for...


(BLANK)


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The textile sector needs massive investments in the value added sector to face the challenges of the post 005 qouta free regime. Common belief in Pakistan is that the sector is quite vibrant and is investing heavily. While it is true that there have been substantial investments in the sector as a whole, bulk of the investments are in the spinning and weaving sectors and not enough is being invested in the value added sectors of finishing and stitching.


In the following brief presentation the impediments will be highlighted but a general structure of the industry as it stands today needs to be understood before the problems can be understood.


The spinning sector is a very mature and competitive sector. Pakistan today is a net importer of raw cotton. Every thing from Australian cotton, Egyptian cotton to US Pima is imported. In fact Pakistan today is the second largest importer of US Pima long staple cotton. This goes to show how competitive this industry has become. The weaving sector is broken up in two segments, the cottage industry comprising second hand sulzers and the shuttle looms and the organized weaving sector comprising the most modern air jet weaving sector. The unorganized sector continues to grow since it is considered a cottage industry and free from all regulations like levy of sales tax etc. These produce lower quality products. While investment requirement in the new weaving machines is high, these are the future and produce specialty and high quality products. The capital requirement is very high. Over the years many spinning mills have moved into this sector and have integerated their units to this next step. This sector is also quite competitive and moving in the right direction. The pace of investment in this sector remains slow, despite being profitable. In the last years China is believed to have invested in 14000 looms compared to about 1000 in Pakistan. There can be no views about the fact that the future in the industry belongs to vertically integerated units rather than development of the cottage industry. So why is the spinning industry slow in integrating vertically?


The next requirement is for setting up of finishing mills both in the knits sector and wovens sector. Many of the projects set up in the knits sector are not world scale, with not the state of the art machinery and their cost of productions are not competitive. In the woven apparel sector there is in fact a shortage of quality finishing plants. Many people are bringing in used machinery which has literally been discarded by the developed world. It is a matter of fact that Levis does not approve any finishing plant for woven apparel products made for them. The fabrics need to be imported. Tommy also does not approve a single dyeing mill which meets its quality requirements. The exception to the rule is the home textiles where the organized sector has invested heavily and has a significant share of the global market. What does this say for the future of the textile industry of Pakistan particularly when countries like China are investing and gearing themselves massively for the quota free regime. China is aiming at 5% global share of the textile market by year 005. Pakistan on the other hand is fast developing its unorganized sector and picks up every piece of junk machinery available in the developed world.


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So the question is why is the organized sector moving in natural direction. What are the impediments to its investments, particularly when the spinning sector seems saturated and the interest rates are low and there is ample credit availability. The following paragraphs will briefly discuss the impediments in growth of the textile sector.


1) Unimaginable amounts of stuck up refunds of sales tax refunds due to shortage of funds.


The sales tax refund rules provide for 50% of the refund within 15 days of filing for the refund in a certain format. The balance refund is payable within 40 days.


Can one imagine that refunds, at the time of writing this report are being processed for refund applications received in end October. That means that at best the refunds due in September, refund applications for which are filed in October are under process. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of raw cotton in the world and the bulk of the cotton comes in the months from September to December during which time the industry purchases its requirements for the bulk of the industry. The pretext of the delayed refunds are scarcity of funds. When the government withholds huge payments of its industry, how can the industry invest.


The refund rules provide for refund in a certain time frame the government should follow the laws made by itself.





The wisdom of imposing sales tax on raw cotton is not understandable. The government mobilizes huge resources to collect billions of rupees of tax in lieu of sales tax on raw cotton only then to mobilize even more resources to refund these and in the process squeezing the industry out of liquidity which it badly needs to gear itself for the future. In fact, perhaps the BOI can get the figures from the CBR as to what is the gravity of the issue. Also the government should analyze what the net collection from the textile sector is. This would demonstrate net collection of sales tax from the textile industry. Given the fast growth of the cottage industry, it would not come as a surprise if the sales refund claimed exceeds the sales tax collected after accounting for the administrative expences for collections and refunds.


Since writing of this report, the CBR has agreed to expedite refunds of sales tax for the spinning sector. This will provide a lot of relief to this sector, but what is needed is a long term clear policy and a policy under which sales tax is not with held unnecessarily. Furthermore a long term policy is required for the whole sector.


Suggestion for resolution of this problem


As a first step the BOI must make sure that refunds are made within the time frame provided in the exisiting laws. The BOI must together analyze together with the CBR and take the textile industry in confidence in analyzing what is the net collection of the sales tax from the textile industry and if it is necessary to go through the process of collecting such amounts only to refund the amounts.


) Cumbersome requirements and frequent changes in reporting requirements for the


of reporting for sales tax.


There are frequent changes in the sales tax rules which require submission of


Additional details and unnecessary details. An example is section 7 of the sales


tax act, whereby the seller has to make sure that the payments received by him


against sales is from the business account of the buyer. The seller needs to have


the account number of the buyer. In cases of payments made by pay order/bank


drafts also the seller needs to prove payments through the business account of the


buyer. The same section requires that payment must be received with 10 days of


date of invoice. The CBR should be concerned with collection of its taxes and


should not be allowed to force business decisions and levy penalties which may


occur due to a bad market or circumstances beyond the control of the buyer and


seller. Also new refund rules vide SRO 575 have been made applicable since


August 00, whereby not only have rules been changed, the language is vague


And complicated but also the data was to be submitted in a certain computerized


Programmed supplied by the CBR. The programme was untested and had to be


Modified resulting in delayed submission of returns. The real issue is that instead


Businesses working on their business plans their main focus and time is spent on


Their businesses the business men today spend time on meeting the sales tax


Requirement for this is the most important task as an inefficient sales tax


Management can drive a business out of business.


Suggestion


Remove unnecessary reporting requirements of sales tax. Simplify the sales tax


With consultation of the stake holders and then freeze new changes.


) Import Duties on machinery and equipment.


When machinery is imported there is a duty leviable. Duty exemption is available under various SROs which require undertakings that a certain percentage of the production is exported in the next 5years. It has to be understood that machinery imported by any segment of the textile industry is ultimately exported in one form or the other. When an undertaking is given that the production from that unit will directly be exported, it may be depriving the local industry of the required raw material. An example is that finished woven fabrics. These are projects which require huge investments and there is a shortage of much required quality finished fabric in the country. There have been only a few projects set up in the last few years. The production from these would feed the local industry. In order to get the required duty exemptions, the investors commit themselves to export the fabrics themselves rather than supply to the local garment factories. It is needed that this requirement of direct exports be dispensed with and the project is also allowed to supply to local garment factories for ultimate exports. If quality fabric is available locally, it would encourage setting up of stitching factories. Finishing projects specially have a rather long gestation period. Certain projects set up in the last years valued in excess of a billion rupees have taken more than years to come to even break even levels. Pakistan does not have the necessary know how and there fore these type of projects need to be encouraged instead of levying taxes on import of machinery. What this law does not consider is that it is forcing the mill to export the fabric to another country rather than making the finished fabric available of the domestic industry. The local stitching industry does not have availability of good quality fabric while the fabric maker is forced to export the fabric in order to meet the requirement of export to be elegible for duty free import of machinery.


Suggestion


Machinery imported for any segment of the textile should be completely duty free without any compulsion of exports. Machinery imported by the textile sector is in one way or the other imported for the purposes of ultimate export and the industry should be freed from all the record keeping and periodic audits. For the projects already set up, the present requirements of duty free import under SRO 554 should be amended to allow indirect exports


4) Income tax.


Presently on exports a withholding tax is deducted as full and final settlement of tax liability. If a unit exports more than 80% the assessee can pay the withholding tax on the local portion and is not required to file returns. If the tax laws are amended so that a withholding tax at the same rate as export, is deducted on local sales also becomes the full and final settlemement. This law actually already exists but the procedure is for indirect exports and payment is made through a SPO ( Special Purchase Order). The procedure is quite cumbersome and difficult to comply with. The difference between the organized sector and unorganized sector will be removed. But the real benefit would be that the producers would be free from tax issues and can concentrate on what they should be spending time on, i.e their business development. It is my opinion that even the tax revenue will increase.


5) Need for making a strategy at the National level to encourage more mills in the organized sector to integerate vertically. The BOI and the ministry of Commerce should clearly define and develop a strategy for the era of quota free regime. A goal should be made to encourage an X number of mills in the organized sector to move upstream into manufacture of made ups. This may involve review of the present quota policy. It should be stressed that in the quota free regime it is the integerated mills that will be able to gear themselves for the new competitive regime. Unless the industry readies itself now, there will be a lot of difficulties in the future. Unfortunately the quota policy has discouraged vertical integeration since quota has been given on performance and apart from a small qnty available through auction, qouta can only be bought with cash payments at exhorbitant rates. This has discouraged much of the organized textile sector to do busiess in the value added sector.


6) A clearly defined policy to fight anti dumping cases, and a permanent team is required to be set up for negotiation of better terms of trade.





In future there will be a lot of actions against exports from Pakistan, such as anti dumping duties. The industry finds itself in a panic when ever a new action is initiated. A permanent body needs to be set up comprising prominent lawyers, government officials as well as business who are well conversent with dumping laws. It should also be clearly defined that when an action is initiated who will bear the legal costs. A case in point is the recent dumping investigation initiated by the EU. First, at the beginning of 00, EU removed all duties on made up exports from Pakistan. The advantage was fully taken by the industry through increasing exports, of course through investments. However the surge in exports was not welcome by producers in the importing countries. There was an apprehension of dumping investigations, however Pakistan made no attempt, diplomatic or otherwise, so that the dumping complaint not be entertained by the EU. Instead one fine day the exporters received intimation that the complaint was filed and accepted for investigation. After this, there were discussion within the industry as to who will pay the expences for the investigation, with the government refusing to pay any thing. It is suggested that a very strong permanent panel be formed to face these matters. In addition, the more competitive Pakistan’s exports are the more the industry will grow through investments. A permanent team needs to be created which develops strategies for better market access and better terms of access for our products into imported countries. Various international treaties signed by various countries have brought tremendous benefits to even non textile based countries. Exoorts from Jordan to the US are duty free into the US. This has brought tremendous investments in Jordan. Investments in textiles made ups in African states is booming, due to the African Tearty signed by them with the US which allows duty free imports into US goods which are manufactured in the African states. Pakistan needs to organize and see if it can improve the terms of trade. A permanent body, again comprising competent lawyers, government officials and knowlegege and capable business men. There are many issues on which the exporting country can negotiate with the importing country. For example, Pakistan today is the second largest importer of US PIMA cotton. The products made from this go to the US after processing. Can Pakistan not develop a strategy to build up a lobby within the US comprising cotton exporters that products made with US cotton in the US can come in duty free to the US. Pakistan is sure to invest in some massive infrastructure projects in the future. Can this not be linked with again some better terms of trade benefits for its textile exports.


Steps such as these can be part of Pakistans over all investment and export strategy.


In summary, the textile industry is perhaps on of the few industries in the country which does not depend on any government subsidy or tariff protection to survive. Unfortunately, instead of making itself ready for the quota free regime, the industry is too involved in the day to day issues of taxation, whether it is sales tax refunds, import duty, DTRE rules income tax assessments etc. These are the only subjects of discussion of businesses with the ministries of Finance, Commerce, CBR, EPB and all other government functionairies. The above suggestions are basically to further deregulate the industry and make it more focused and let its entrepruners devote all their attention to business development rather than divert their energies in fulfilling government compliance regulations. Simple tax laws and regulations will go a long way in boosting investments. In addition through the above suggestions the government needs to improve its market access and better terms of trade for exports of Pakistani products abroad.





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NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


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DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.


NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.


RESIDENTS CAN ORGANISE A RESIDENTS ASSOCIATION


IDENTFY PARTICULARLY VUNERABLE RESIDENTS/


SETTING UP A RESIDENT COLLECTION TO HAVE TEA EVENINGS


BUNS,SOCIAL SETTING EITHER IN SOMEONES FLAT OR IN A


COMMUNAL ROOM.


WELL LIT CORRIDORS POLICE CHECK FOR SECURE LOCKS


EMERGENCY NUMBER FOR RESIDENTS ONLY


FOR ANY EMERGENCY SERVICE IE POLICE, AMBULANCE, SOCIAL


SERVICES.


SHORT-TERM SOLUTION.


EACH RESIDENT TO BE MADE AWARE OF THE SITUATION


BY THE COMMITTEE MEMBERS COLD-CALLING.


EACH RESIDENT TO BE MADE AWARE THAT IF THEY HAVE ANY


QUERIES THEY CAN VISIT OR RING ONE/TWO


ALLOCATED MEMBERS REMAIN INFORMED.


ALL LETTERS TO THE COUNCIL TO BE DEALT WITH FROM ONE


COMMITEE MEMBERS ADRESS


WEEKLY PROGRESSING TO FORNIGHTLY MEETINGS FOR COMMITEE


MEMBERS. DEPENDANT ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES.


VUNRABLE RESIDENTS(DISABLED,ELDERLY OR UNWELL)


ASKED IF THEY WOULD LIKE TO BE CHECKED ON IN THE MORNINGS


AND EVENINGS?


ORGANISE WEEKLY SHOPPING RUNS FOR THOSE IN THE ABOVE


CIRCUMSTANCES, IF REQUIRED.


NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.


NOTES FOR GROUP DISCUSSION.


WARDEN FOR THE ELDERLY RESIDENTS.


COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BLOCKS IE


-WAY INTERCOM SYSTEM,


DOUBLE GLAZING,


BETTER INSULATION,


COMMUNAL ROOM FOR RESIDENTS ONLY.


LOCKED ROOM FOR POST WHICH ONLY RESIDENTS AND POSTMASTER


CAN ACCESS.


LOCK ON ELEVATOR TO LIMIT VANDALISM/ MAINTANENCE.


LOCKED BIN AREA ON EVERY SECOND FLOOR.


CCTV FOR MAIN ENTRANCE/PARKING AREA.





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Controversy Regarding The Death Penalty


“In American Society”


There are vast differences in the way people view the death penalty. Some oppose it and some agree with it. There have been many studies trying to prove or disprove a point regarding the death penalty. Some have regarded the death penalty as a deterrent, and some have regarded it as state sanctioned murder and not civilized. The death penalty has been attributed to societies for hundreds of years. More recently, as we become more civilized, the death penalty has been questioned to be the right step towards justice. During the course of this paper I will review the pros and cons of the use of the death penalty as we, Americans, know it. The death penalty is a highly controversial subject. No one knows who’s right or who’s wrong-it’s fifty percent speculation and fifty percent research. It’s just a lot of thoughts and beliefs from people who have contributed to the death penalty hype. Who’s right and who’s wrong? That is the question.


First I need to highlight briefly into to the history of the death penalty to fully understand why people feel the way they do about the death penalty. Almost all nations in the world have had the death sentence and had enforced it in many ways. It was used in most cases to punish those who broke the laws or standards that were expected of them. Some of the historical methods of execution were restricted only by one’s imagination-they include flaying or burying alive, boiling in oil, crushing beneath the wheels of vehicles or the feet of elephants, throwing to wild beasts, forcing combat in the arena, blowing from the mouth of a cannon, impaling, piercing with javelins, starving to death, poisoning, strangling, suffocating, drowning, shooting, beheading, and more recently, electrocuting, using the gas chamber, and giving lethal injection (Silverman 7). The ancient societies had some pretty brutal methods that were just plainly inhumane. Fortunately, most of the disgraceful practices were largely unknown in Anglo-American tradition. America inherited most of its capital punishment from the United Kingdom or English laws. But not so many generations ago, in both England and America, criminals were occasionally pressed to death, drawn and quartered, and burned at the stake (Isenberg 5). Had any of these punishments survived the eighteenth century, there is little doubted that public reaction would have forced an end to capital punishment long ago (Isenberg 5). Throughout England, the rotting corpses of executed criminals specked the country, which sent out a warning to all those who dare defy the law, or otherwise acted as a deterrent. Executions were always conducted in public and often became the scene of drunken gatherings to witness the execution. It reminds me of all these horrifying blood-ridden movies we watch today. People are drawn to such spectacles, because they are not getting killed. Furthermore, death is one of the great unknowns in all of mankind. Crimes of every description against the state, against the person, against property, against public peace were made punishable by death in early English laws (Isenberg 6). It is somewhat curious that any of these horrendous and inhumane methods of execution survived as long as they did, for the English Bill of Rights of 168 proscribed “cruel and unusual punishments”(Isenberg 7). Which is still in use today in the American Constitution. Even with fairly relaxed law enforcement after 1800, between two thousand and three thousand persons were sentenced to death each year from 1805 to 1810 (Isenberg 6). Which is a very large amount even by today’s standards. Furthermore, several decisions, later on in history, handed down by the Supreme Court in the post-World War II years have had a significant affect on the effects of both proponents and opponents of capital punishment. They include Louisiana v. Resweber (146)- cruelty dealing with humane ways of execution, next was the United States v. Jackson (167)- the provisions that dealt with kidnapping, next was Witherspoon v. Illinois (168)- determined excluding juries that had a bias towards death penalties being unconstitutional, and finally McGautha v. California (171)- juries discretion upon the death penalty and the fourteenth amendment’s “equal protection clause” (Isenberg -4). All of these have impacted the nature of the death penalty, as we all know it today in the United States. These have all influenced the way people view the death penalty and help explain why some people oppose it and some impose it.


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The people who oppose the death penalty have very different reasons than people who agree with it. Those who oppose it feel that no matter how bad of an offense that the criminal has committed, they should not be executed. One argument is that the convicted could be innocent. Once the state kills an innocent person, the effects are irreversible. There have been at least 6 instances since 17 of wrongfully convicted people set free before the states had a chance to kill them (Internet). If there are 6 cases, caught before they could be sentenced to death, then think about all of the cases that haven’t been caught. DNA evidence has come a long way to help these innocent people to their freedom. The following person is an example of one of those people wrongfully condemned by lack of evidence. “Nate Walker. In May 176, Nate was sentenced to life in prison for a 174 Elizabeth, N.J., kidnapping and rape. Ten years later Nate’s trial prosecutor agreed that Nate Walker was an innocent man. A twelve-year-old semen specimen was located and analyzed. It proved that Nate had a different blood type from the real rapist. Nate was officially cleared and freed by the county’s presiding judge. His release won national attention (Dicks 7).” This can only prove that if the state had executed him, or any other case that were similar, the effects would be irreversible. This is among one of the highest regards to the abolitionist movement towards the death penalty. Thousands have been put to death under one government and when another government came in, or new evidence came in, they were proven to be innocent (Dicks 6). The only way to prevent this from happening is to abolish the death penalty altogether. These wrongful convictions clearly occurred due to some ill proper investigating, prejudice, courtroom laziness, or politics. The discrimination that is inescapable in the selection of the few to be killed under our capital punishment laws is unfortunately of the most irreversible and unacceptable nature (Isenberg 114). Among the more high-powered nations in the world the United States remains the leading advocate of death as a punishment for crime, even though innocent people may have been put to death (Isenberg 117).


The abolitionists also assert that the deterrent theory does not actually work. It merely produces a brutalizing effect that says to others that killing is o.k. Since the state has the right to kill, having the death penalty reinforces the perpetrator in that it says it is o.k. to kill when not respected by others. Similar to the state killing, when citizens don’t respect the states laws. It is clear that American prosecutors, judges, and juries are not likely to cause the execution of enough capital offenders to increase the claimed deterrent effect of capital punishment laws or to reduce the “jackpot” effect of unlikely odds (Isenberg 11). To even approach the number of people to be sentenced to death, to reach the deterrent effect, is unimaginable. Hundreds of thousands, in my opinion, would have to be put to death to reach the deterrent goal. Isenberg believes that, “most Americans, even those who feel it is necessary, are repelled by capital punishment; the attitude is deeply rooted in our own reverence to live, the Christian belief that man is created in the image of God” (107). So those juries that are commanded to use the death penalty have often acquitted, due to beliefs, or charged the perpetrator with a lesser offense (Isenberg 11). Even though hundreds of thousands go to trial for murder, juries are reluctant to convict. So our system clearly does not even give room for the deterrent effect, which would be hundreds of thousands put to death, to affect the way perpetrators would think before killing. States in the United States that do not use the death penalty usually have lower murder rates than states that do (Internet). For example, between 145 and 154, the average murder rate among seven abolitionist states ranged from a high of 1.6 per 100,000 (Iowa) to a low of 1.0 per 100,000 (Rhode Island) (Galliher 0). A closer look shows that murder rates play a contributing role in death penalty arguments across the United States (Galliher 0). An example is, between 145 and 155, the states of West Virginia (not yet an abolitionist state) and Michigan had relatively higher murder rates of 5. and 4.4 per 100,00 comparatively (Galliher 0). Therefore, reinforcing the fact that the brutalization effect is right. Also, reinforcing theorists saying, “that executing murderers both legitimates killing as a means of dealing with conflict and also stimulates those who have violent tendencies” (Nathanson 8). So if it doesn’t act as a deterrent, then it comes down to the fact that we are willing to put up with the extermination of human beings as long as we don’t know who they are. Maybe since we are in the television revolution, we should televise it more than the little it is today.


There are those that are pro-death penalty advocates. They believe that the death penalty serves as a deterrent. They believe others will see that the offender is getting executed for their heinous crime, and this will deter them from ever committing such an act. They feel that not only is the person who is executed unable to commit another murder, but other potential killers may also be dissuaded from killing (Silverman 46). One scientist concluded that every additional execution prevents about seven or eight people from committing murder (Bender 114). It mainly deters rational calm everyday citizens. Not those who act on emotion or the heat of the moment. One could argue that there are far more rational civilized people in this country than there are emotionally disturbed people. The death penalty works because it instills psychological resistance to the act of murder, not because it offers a rational argument against committing the act at the time that the decision to murder is made (Bender 115). So every day citizens have instilled into their heads that it is bad to murder someone. But murders still occur on occasions when people are in an irrational state of mind. Even though a person may be rational one day they could become irrational on another day. The irrational people are mainly at the hands of alcohol and drugs, but there are occasions where unusual circumstances exist. For example, a husband catching his wife in the act of adultery could drive him mentally into a rage and into a very irrational state of mind, which could ultimately lead to murder. But there are also those people who are just straight up mentally disturbed that kill for no reason at all. But for the most part most Americans are rational people who are able to properly control themselves, because of proper patience and problem solving learned through schooling. Most Americans have goals to look forward to in life also. So the death penalty is a deterrent for the most part of society. That’s one reason most drugs (poisons) are illegal in American society, because they tend to cause people to act in an irrational manner. Therefore the greater the punishment, the fewer people will behave in the irrational state of mind, because of the fact that the vast majority of Americans are (most of the time) drug free. So the punishment of death deters their rational minds from the act of committing murder, because (I would like to believe) most Americans are rational, free thinking people. Those who oppose the death penalty can only picture the offender being executed, they do not think about how many innocent people would be killed if there wasn’t a death penalty to act as a deterrent (Bender 118).


Another reason pro-death penalty advocates give for their belief is that it serves as retribution, or an eye for an eye. These are the two main types of retribution revenge, in which the victim gets satisfaction, and “just deserts”, which the offender should have an obligation to repay society (Silverman 44). An eye for an eye relies on what people deserve for their crime, which determines what kind of punishment they will receive (Nathanson 7). Or in other words we should treat people the way they have treated others. If someone murders someone, then they should be murdered. This type of punishment would not have any prejudice, because they would receive whatever they dished out. It tells us that the punishment is to be identical to the crime (Nathanson 7). Which in a way is a repayment towards the victim’s family, or “just deserts”. This view of the death penalty wouldn’t rely on a jury to decide what should be done to the offender. Let’s say the offender was black and raped a white woman, and the jury sentenced them to life in prison. People could say in the same circumstances a white man would only get ten years. But using an eye for an eye, both men would be raped in return. No discrimination. And the same goes for the death penalty, there wouldn’t be no prejudice, it would just simply be “you kill, you die�end of story”, enough said.


Nobody can really prove that any of these views are right or wrong. In my opinion, God should have the final say on life. But on the other hand the offender didn’t let God give the victim an O.K. to die. So who knows what to do? As a society we should determine the fate we have dealt ourselves. We have developed these offender’s, we should therefore deal with them as a society. It is true that the varieties of ways in which men have put one another to death is horrific (Isenberg 5). It is society that should determine if we (as a society) want to be murderers. These offenders, murderers, and killers are a mirror image of our own reflection in society. Two wrongs don’t make a right! You choose! Civilization or Brutalism?





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The transcendentalists were a cult-like group of people who found God through nature. They had many beliefs based on the ideas of anti-conformity and simplicity. One of the leaders of this group, Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote many books, poems, stories, and maxims about his beliefs. Another famous transcendentalist, Henry David Thoreau, wrote a book about an experiment he performed in which he lived in the woods with just the basic necessities. In the novel he preaches a lot about God and his simplistic and non-conformist beliefs, which I somewhat agree with.


There are a few ideas that I agree with the transcendentalists on. These are all written in some of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s maxims. Two based on the same idea are “My life is for itself and not for a spectacle” and “Insist on yourself; never imitate”. These basically mean that one should do what he/she wants rather than what is accepted, which is an idea I agree with. I don’t believe, however, that one should stop liking something just because it became popular’ if one likes it, what does it matter if someone else does, too? Another idea I believe in was also expressed by Emerson through a maxim. It states that “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind”. Integrity is a trait that is hard to come by in this day and age, making it an even more valuable asset to have. It is something that one is born with and not acquirable, unlike intelligence. Some people are naturally smart, but others can work hard and still learn a lot and become smarter; on the other hand, integrity can not be worked at, it is something you just have. It is evident that I concur with some of the transcendentalists’ ideas; however I do not feel that way about all of them.


Although I do agree with some of the transcendentalists’ ideas, I differ with them on others. First, I do not believe that “The civilized man has built a coach, but has lost the use of his feet”. I agree that people rely on technological advancements more than one should; nevertheless, I also believe that the helpful advancements should be taken advantage of. For example, electricity is something that people rely on, but it is one that only helps our society. Apparently, this is not how Henry David Thoreau felt because he moved into the woods with only the essentials for his use, which I consider a waste of the inventions that were just meant to help people in their everyday lives. I also feel that the transcendentalists preach too much. The group seems to advocate their ideas as much as possible, but will not accept anyone who thinks differently. The transcendentalists have many ideas that they seem to believe in strongly; yet, not everyone, including me, concurs.





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Please note that this sample paper on transcendentalists is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on transcendentalists, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on transcendentalists will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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