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Niles Eldredge believes in evolution, which states that all science is theory; he also believes that creationism should not be taught in a classroom environment. Many creationists disagree; over this heated debate that has been going on since the idea of evolution. “Although technological advances since 15 have been prodigious, and although science news magazines are springing up like toadstools, the American public appears to be badly informed about the real nature of science as it ever was” (p. 516). I agree with Niles Eldredge that evolution should be taught in the school system over creationism. “Much of the success of recent creationists efforts lies in a prior failure to educate our children about science � how it is done, by whom, and how its results are to be interpreted” (517).


Eldredge states that evolution is only a theory. “To the charge the ‘evolution is only a theory’, we say ‘all science is theory’. Theories are ideas or complex sets of ideas, which explain some aspect of the natural world” (p. 51). Eldredge shows the reader that, “All biologists, including biochemists, molecular geneticists, physiologists, behaviorists, and anatomists, see a pattern of similarity interlocking the spectrum of millions of species, from bacteria to timber wolves”(51). He continues to inform us that, “All forms of life have the nuclei acid RNA. One major branch of life, the vertebrates, all share backbones. All mammals have three inner ear bones, hair, and mammary glands” (51). It seems that evolution comes with some scientific proof, even though; it is still only a theory. Evolution is a process of change in a certain direction, a historical development of a biological group, and it is a theory that the various types of animals and plants have their origin in other pre-existing types, and that the distinguishable differences are due to modification in successive generations.


“Creationists, of course, have an alternative explanation for this order permeating life’s diversity. It is simply the way the supernatural creator chose to pattern life” (51). They continue to say “...evolution is only a theory. Scientists cannot agree on all details either of the exact course of evolutionary, history, of how evolution actually takes place’” (518). They continue on to say “Creationists then declare that many scientists have grave doubts that evolution actually [has] occurred … They argue that since evolution is only a theory, why not, in the spirit of fair play, give equal time to equally plausible explanation of the origin of the cosmos, of life on earth, and of mankind” (518). Creationists believe that God created everything, I feel that more people would believe their theory if they had physical evidence to prove their theory. “No form of creationism even remotely qualifies for inclusion in a science curriculum” (50). Some schools are letting teachers adopt the “equal time”. “Increasingly, teachers are left to their own discretion, and whether out of personal conviction, a desire to be ‘fair’, or fear of parental reprisal, they are teaching creationism along with evolution in their biology classes. It is simply the path of least resistance” (50). I feel that this theory; if taught at all in public schools should be taught to students in high school or older, so they can make their own opinion about which theory they believe and which one they do not believe.


“Biologists of all disciplines agree to a remarkable degree on the outlines of this theory, the so�called ‘modern synthesis’. In a nutshell, this was a vindication of Darwin’s original position that evolution is predominantly an affair of gradual progressive change. As environmental conditions changed, natural selection favored those variants best suited to new conditions. Thus evolutionary change is fundamentally adaptive” (51-). I feel that creationism should not be taught within the public school system. Evolution in the other hand; while not a finally theory, has more credibility then creationism and should be taught in the public school system. Creationism should be continued to be taught at Sunday schools, and in private schools, where religion is accepted by the attendee’s choice. “If the public were more aware that scientist are expected to disagree, that what a scientist writes today is not the last word, but a progress report on some very intensive thinking and investigation, creationists would be far less successful in injecting an authoritarian system of belief into curricula supposedly devoted to free, open rational inquiry into the nature of natural things” (p. 5).








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Your negative opinion on supply marketing boards in Ontario can be reversed it will not take long. Supply Marketing Boards are organized and managed by governments to make sure that there is a stable supply of agricultural commodities for consumers and the food industry. Marketing Boards work by joining producers together in an agreement that enables them to control markets by selling the products at a price and the quota established by the marketing board. The government controls the amount of these products that are imported and imported from other countries. Producers of supply-managed commodities had the highest on-farm income at $,70for poultry and egg, and $6,00 for dairy. These producers also had the lowest percentage of income coming from off-farm employment, which was 4.8 percent and .6 percent. Supply marketing boards provides producers with fair returns and consumers with quality products and fair prices. It also promotes stable economic activity in the rural areas of our province.


Benefits to the producer


One of the problems that farmers face is that when they bring their products to market they don’t know what price they are going to get. Through supply marketing boards farmers no longer have to worry about this issue because they are given a fixed quota at a fair price allowing them to earn a reasonable income. With Supply Marketing Boards they now have knowledge of how much revenue or income they will be receiving at the end of the year. In a free market they have to worry about losing money when there is low prices or when there is overproduction in the marketplace. The government provides a limit on the amount of goods that is produced to sell in the market.


Small farmers are disadvantaged because large farm operations can produce a greater amount of supply and can sell their product at a lower price because their cost to produce is lower. Under this system it forms an alliance with the farmers instead of having them compete against one another. An action called Price Pooling is performed when all the sales are deposited into pool accounts. All the farmers receive a payment upon delivery. Farmers receive a final payment in accordance to the returns exceeding the sum of total payments. If the returns do not exceed the sum then the federal government makes up the difference. This occurs to avoid the risk of bankruptcy between inadequate farm industries or a great loss.





Benefits to the consumer


Supply management benefits the consumer in numerous ways. Consumers pay a steady, fair price in the market for the agricultural products they would be interested in purchasing and can be assured of a consistent supply. Consumers of the food industry do not have to worry about shortages as well as a disruption in supply. Shortages can cause economic disruption.


Farmers are not under pressure to diminish the quality, to include additives or hormones to affect the quality of the product. Under supply management, farmers know they have a good market and do not have to save money by supplying the market with efficient quality products. It is a high priority to supply consumers with high quality goods.


Benefits for the ECONOMY


Marketing Boards provide National Security for Canada because they allow Canada to become dependent on local products. Disruption in supply can occur from trade disputes or diseases such as Mad Cow Disease. It allows stable production, avoids shortages, and over supply in the market place. This allows industries and consumers a steady supply. Stable Prices provide consumer with a stable, fair price including providing farmers with stable income. Stable prices are necessary to help any economy function properly. They help to keep farm employment constant and help rural areas maintain a stable economy.


Conclusion


Without Supply Marketing Boards there would be many economic problems in Canada. Farmers do not lose because of over production, small farm industries are at an advantage, and farmers have knowledge of their income coming in. Consumers do not worry about shortages, consumers receive quality goods, and they pay a reasonable price for their products. The economy is provided with national security, stable production, and stable supply. Supply Marketing Boards are beneficial to everybody, the producer, the consumer, and the Canadian economy. We need Supply Management in Ontario to keep our economy stable.








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Do you like to be taken advantage of? No, well you are, every time you look at an advertisement! We are being bombarded with hundreds of beer advertisements and commercial everyday. Alcohol ads appeal to those sensitive ads better than any other, from sex to just getting away, they take full advantage of their targeted groups needs.


Beer ads are using propaganda techniques and double speak in order to attract customers and sell their products. When you see an interesting ad about beer, you are tempted to try it. Propaganda is often accomplished by distortion of facts in order for people to believe the message advertisers are sending (McClintock 0). And double speak is obscure language that makes it seem to communicate, but really does not (Lutz 6).


Beer advertisements are the best at targeting young peoples needs. Advertisers will go as low as bringing cartoons in to promote their products or as scandalous as half-naked women. Whatever the case may be, beer companies are experts at exploiting the younger crowds of the world needs. The problem is teenagers as well as other people are seeing unbalanced and unrealistic messages about beers.


By seeing advertisements for Miller Genuine Draft and Corona, we can recognize similar propaganda techniques used by both companies. There is substantial number of similarities for these two ads, but there is also a great number of differences. Miller and Corona are two of the best exploiters of younger crowds. Both companies are highly educated in finding and advertising their targeted crowds needs. I found that Miller would try to appeal to more of sexual need then Corona. Whereas Corona advertisement appeals to peace of mind instead.





Both the advertisement for Miller Genuine Draft and Corona use what Author Annie McClintock calls “Glittering Generalities” in their ads. McClintock defines a Glittering Generality as an exciting word that makes no real statement, but sugarcoats the advertised product so that people want to try it ( 0). Can you imagine all those times when it was so hot outside, your feet were sticking to the ground, sweat was dripping of your body, and all you were trying to do was relax by the pool and catch some sun. When a gentlemen with an annoying pick up line comes up and begins to hit on you. And all you want to do is get away. Well the Miller Genuine Draft feels the same way about the situation, and suggests that you should put a cold-filtered bottle between yourself and the man. “Cold-filter what you don’t need. Keep what’s good”.


Corona ad just wants to take you away from your every day life, and offer you something relaxing. Corona ad uses the picture of some exotic place with ocean, palms trees, sandy beach and says “go someplace better”. Targeted groups are being effected, because advertisers are trying to convince them to try the product without thinking very much about the meaning of the glittering generalities.


Secondly, both the advertisement for Miller Genuine Draft and Corona use what author Annie McClintock calls “Card Stacking” in their advertisements. According to McClintock Card Stacking is statement that claims what you want your customers to hear, not the whole truth (05). Both ads are trying to appeal to customers’ senses. They are making you believe that beers are refreshing. Miller advertisement says, “Only cold-filtering gives you taste this pure, this refreshing.” It might be refreshing at the moment that you drink it, but after a few beers you will be drunk and there is nothing refreshing about that.


Corona advertisement is making you think about summer vocations. Corona is also making you believe that beers are refreshing, but they are not telling you about the consequences that come with drinking. Card sticking effects all beer consumers. People say what you don’t know can’t hurt you, but it is just a saying. People get hurt, because they are not beware of the truth.


Thirdly, both the advertisement for Miller and Corona use what author William Lutz calls doublespeak in their advertisements. ”Doublespeak is language that makes the bad seem good, negative appear positive, the unpleasant appear attractive or at least tolerable” (Lutz6). According to Lutz, “when a euphemism is used to mislead or deceive, it become doublespeak“


(7). Both advertisements are using misleading phrases and pictures in order to attract costumers. A Miller advertisement says, “live responsibly”. Does this phrase mean that they are concerned, or they just saying it avoid lawsuits? Most beer companies have one goal in mind and it is to sell beer. Advertisers are not really interested in affects and damages that their product causes. They are also misleading the male costumers with this picture. They are trying to make them think, if you drink Miller you can get the girl. Which is not true, drinking beer will not get you the hot girl.


Corona advertisement is misleading its customers with the picture. You can see Corona bottles at the right bottom of the page. Parking lot full of cars and some paradise place are making you imagine what would it be like to just jump in your car and go some place like this. I have to admit, advertisers did their job, because I fell for their ad. Doublespeak effects many people, because we all fall for images that are not realistic. At least it gives us a chance to imagine how would it be to go somewhere that is far from your chores and worries.


There are probably more differences than similarities between these two advertisements. They have different bottle designs. They also have different taste. Most people drink Corona with lime and salt. Corona is also more expensive than Miller. Corona is imported form Mexico, and is one of their best beers. Miller Genuine Draft is domestic beer, which is produced in Milwaukee.


Miller advertisement is better, because they targeted male population, which consumes more beer than any other group. I believe they choose the particular group and made the advertisement to meet their needs. They take your thoughts from your current life, but they also appeal to your senses. If I had to chose between these two advertisements, I would chose Miller Genuine Draft.


In conclusion, beer advertising is designed to provide information to consumers about particular type or brand of beer. It is a goal of advertiser to appeal to the customer in a manner that will sway him to purchase their product. Advertisers for Miller Genuine Draft and Corona use similar types of propaganda techniques in order to achieve their goal. Beer advertising should promote beer in a responsible manner, targeting toward adults of legal purchasing age, but sometimes they even target younger crowds.





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Why Is Social Drinking Taboo?


In 16 an article appeared in the Los Angeles Times promoting positive drinking. The author, Stanton Peel, suggested that schools should teach kids “the truth about drinking” (Peele “Tell children”). He argued that it is wrong to teach children that alcohol is completely bad when many people drink it for pleasure, and everyone does not do so in excess. The message that abusing alcohol has many negative effects ranging from liver disease to levels of brain damage is well preached throughout schools, on television, and in the news. However, studies also show some positive health benefits as well as emotional benefits that drinking alcohol in moderation can have.


In a society that no longer promotes abstinence but now parades safe sex and contraceptives, how can moderate drinking still be regarded as bad? Could it be that the negative aspects of alcohol consumption outweigh those of sexual activity? While possible, this is more than likely not the case. The resulting consequence of alcohol consumption can have both positive and negative elements. How then can so many people label all alcohol consumption as bad? More than likely these people against moderate social drinking deny that moderation exists. It is possible that they feel that people cannot control themselves�that humans are merely animals driven by pleasure and personal drive and ultimately incapable of being responsible.


The fact that alcohol abuse has many negative effects ranging from liver disease to levels of brain damage is well known in the United States, and much like its negative effects, the measure of benefits of alcohol are slowly being realized. Mark Keller, a research specialist for the Center of Alcohol Studies at Rutgers University notes that “the first effect of a moderate amount of drink is actually stimulating�not necessarily relaxing�and my allow more efficient rather than less efficient mental performance” (Keller 86-87). While the debate on negative and positive effects of alcohol, it is unreasonable to say that simply for health reasons, alcohol consumption is completely bad and should be banned.





What is the origin of this negative view of all alcohol? In another article, Peele studied different views of alcohol and impact of these views on drinking practices, and attempted to answer this question. In his study, Peele found “the dominant contemporary vision of alcohol in the United States is that alcohol (a) is primarily negative and has exclusively hazardous consequences, (b) leads frequently to uncontrollable behavior, and (c) is something that young people should be warned against” (Peele “Promoting Positive Drinking”). The idea behind alcohol being evil began with 150 to 00 years ago with the temperance movement. Peele says, “although this idea has varied in its intensity since then . . . the idea that alcohol is bad takes a number of forms. For the following reasons, people during this time period believed that alcohol should be totally eradicated from society.


· Alcohol is an addictive substance whose use inevitably leads to increased, compulsive, and uncontrollable use.


· Alcoholism underlies most, indeed practically all, modern social problems (unemployment, wife and child abuse, emotional disorders, prostitution, and so on).


· Alcohol conveys no discernable social benefits. (Promoting Positive Drinking)


Most important to note is the second reason that Peele found. While this attribute refers to alcoholism, this view clearly often carries over to all alcohol consumption. As a major cause of many of the social problems of the day, alcoholism rightfully holds this view. However, this is where many people make a theoretical leap. Since pleasure plays a role in both ordinary and problematic drinking, the message becomes conveyed that drinking must in general be bad. Certain religions, for instance, forbid all alcohol consumption. In Christianity, there are many Biblical references about drinking alcohol. The Bible gives some warnings about “being drunk with wine wherein is excess” (Ephesians 518) but then says, “wine that maketh glad the heart of man” (Psalm 10415). It also notes “Who hath woe? . . . who hath babbling? Who hath wounds, without cause? Who hath redness of eyes,” and it speaks of “they that tarry long at the wine” (Proverbs ). Moslem and Mormon societies also formally rule out all alcohol use (Promoting Positive Drinking). In a study on substance abuse in Israel, Jordan and Palestine, scientists investigated substance abuse among Christian, Moslem, and Druze adolescents. Moslems belong to a culture “which theoretically condemns the use of alcohol beverages in any form” (Weiss 178). When asked about their abstention to alcohol, the greatest response from Moslem adolescents was that “religion is intolerant of alcohol use” (Weiss 10). The common view is that all religion is completely against alcohol, when that is simply not the case. In addition, many religions use alcohol in religious ceremonies. In Judaism, there is a season where one is commanded to drink to excess. Religion can not be the source behind the view that all alcohol consumption is bad.


Mark Keller states about the discovery of alcohol that even among the early religious community, “men found alcoholic beverages to be good�as food, as drink, as medicine.” He also says that this safe conclusion “is matched by the certainty that they found the same beverages to be evil” (Keller 81). The underlying assumption in this malevolent view of alcohol is that anything found to be good could also be bad in excess as with alcohol. Although this assumption seems quite commonsensical, the heart of this is really saying that humans have essentially no self-control and must be told something is bad if it can be misused. Ultimately, anyone who views alcohol in moderation as bad must hold a part of this view.


Common knowledge is that moderate drinking has positive as well as negative attributes. Whether social benefits or physical detriments, alcohol consumption is definitely not completely bad in moderation. Often religion is used for the reason why people are completely against alcohol. However, even religion does not completely abolish drinking in moderation. There is essentially only one reason to hold a completely negative view of alcohol. One must feel in part that humans are merely animals incapable of self-control and rational decision. This is the true source of the taboo surrounding alcohol. What makes alcohol so taboo in society is not the consumption of it, it is the assumption that the users will not be able to control themselves.


Weiss, Shoshana et al. “Substance abuse studies in Israel, Jordan and Palestine” Addiction. 4() 177-18. 1.


Curry, David. “Crime Crusades and Corruption Prohibition in the United States, 100-187”. American Journal of Sociology. 6() 78-7. 10.


Nadelmann, Ethan A. “Drug Prohibition in the United States Costs, Consequences, and Alternatives”. Science. 45(41) -47. 166.


The Holy Bible, King James Version. Indianapolis, IN B. B. Kirkbride Bible Co., INC. 188.


Peele, Stanton and Grant, M. “Promoting Positive Drinking Alcohol, Necessary Evil or Positive Good?” Alcohol and pleasure A health perspective. Philadelphia Brunner/Mazel, pp. 1-7, 1.


Peele, Stanton. “Tell Children the truth about drinking”. Los Angeles Times. Friday, March 1, 16.


Woodiwiss, Michael. Crime Crusades and Corruption Prohibition in the United States, 100-187. Totowa, NJ Barnes and Noble Books, 188.


Keller, Mark. “ALCOHOL IN HEALTH AND DISEASE SOME HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1() 80-87. 166.


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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on What do you understand by the term ‘Human Resource Management’? What impact has ideas and practises associated with Human Resource Management had in Britain in the last twenty fife years?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality What do you understand by the term ‘Human Resource Management’? What impact has ideas and practises associated with Human Resource Management had in Britain in the last twenty fife years? paper right on time.

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Since there were demand and supply towards human resources, especially in the business world, whether or not it was for either supply and mobilization of simple manpower or effective use of expert manpower, it is generally agreed that the activities of effectively and efficiently making use of people’s skills and relevant ability to the work and ,going further, applying these things into practice have been regarded as an essential factor in competing with rivals and making more profit by it.


With the advent of the term, it is true that the term has been gone through the process of redefinition several times by many scholars. What is more, people have had slightly different ,or sometimes quite different, evaluation and opinion about effective value and usefulness of it.


This essay will deal with the question as to how the term ‘Human Resource Management’ has been perceived. It will look at its history and recent theories as well as making attempt to show its impact in Britain.


In order to define and fully understand the term ‘Human Resource Management’, it is important to trace its origin and phases it passed through. The roots of this profession can be found in the nineteenth century when pressure for reform of working conditions from members of labour movement and work of social performers like Robert Owen and Rowntree, which had been called the movement towards ‘industrial betterment’ made possible emergence of the earliest attempts at welfare policies. At the beginning responsibilities of the first welfare workers were mainly in “dispensing benefits to the deserving and unfortunate employees”(Torrington et al., 11 ).





The World War I pushed welfare workers to higher position, welfare services were made obligatory at Munitions factories; it was an industrial relations function in its modern sense that started to shape. The inter-war period characterised by the shift in the focus of the welfare officers from caring one to more organizational, to objectives such as staffing and training. In the 10s and 10s “in the large organizations, such as ICI…and Mark & Spencer, the first specialist personnel departments were formed”(Tyson and York, 000 55). Following new developments in works of thinkers like Taylor (1856-115), Fayol (1841-15) and Mayo (1880-14) personnel managers became more aware of administrative processes and management itself (Torrington et al, 00).


Second World War saw an embrace of personnel management practices not only by war factories were it expanded in its staffing aspects, but also by many anxious companies, which wanted to have maximum productivity; rise of trade unions, which helped to acquire new skills by practitioners in bargaining and institution such as joint consultation committees were established (Bratton and Gold, 1, 00).


During the next twenty years after Second World War personnel management grew once more in its position and became preoccupied with effectiveness of whole organisation, its focus changed from dealing mainly with employees towards dealing with management more than with employees (Tyson and York, 000). Next stage of development of personnel management from the 170s to the early 180s is usually associated with planning or workforce planning boosted by new technology (Torrington and Hall, 18).


The most recent phase of these profession took place from the late 180s when term Human resource management emerged in Britain. It is largely associated with “change of emphasis and attitude” (Torrington et al., 11 7) towards managing of human resource. For the last twenty five years academics and practitioners were arguing about origin and nature of human resource management and its definition. These are some definitions given to the human resource management at different time and by different authors


The main dimension of HRM [involve] the goal of integration [i.e., if human resources can be integrated into strategic plans, if human resource policies cohere, if line managers have internalised the importance of human resources and this is reflected in their behaviour and if employees identify with the company, then the company’s strategic plans are likely to be more successfully implemented], the goal of employee commitment, the goal of flexibility/adaptability [i.e., organic structures, functional flexibility], the goal of quality [i.e., quality of staff, performance, standards and public image].


(Guest, 187; cited by Legge, 15 65)


HRM is a strategic approach to the acquisition, motivation, development and management of the organization’s human resources. It is devoted to shaping an appropriate corporate culture and introducing programmes which reflect and support the core values of the enterprise and ensure its success.


(Armstrong, 11 4)


Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques.


(Storey, 15 5)


The Personnel function in organisations… can be considered in… terms of managing people [and] it is more likely to be described as Human Resource Management, it is the personnel specialist who helps to define the rules for managing people, but the fulfilment of personnel relations in the organisation resides, ultimately, in the quality of leadership provided by managers and supervisors.


(Cole, 171)


Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic approach to managing employment relations which emphasizes that leveraging people’s capabilities is critical to achieving sustainable competitive advantage, this being achieved through a distinctive set of integrated employment policies, programmes and practices.


(Bratton and Gold, 00 7)


Most of the authors, who wrote on this subject belong to different theoretical schools, which put out different models of Human Resource Management. There are at least five of them The Forbrun, Tichy and Devanna model, The Harvard model, The Guest model, The Warwick model and The Storey model. The Storey model of human resource management became very popular and has been referred to by many authors (Legge, 15; Bach and Sisson, 000; Armstrong, 000). Storey distinguishes two versions of Human Resource Management on of which can be identified as ‘soft’ and reflects developmental humanism, another as ‘hard’ and represents utilitarian instrumentalism. Most of the other models can be put under one or another version of human resource management in Storey model. Armstrong described Storey’s ‘hard’ approach to human resource management as emphasis on the importance of calculative and business strategic aspects of managing people as a resource.; in this context, it’s emphasizing resource management. The difference between ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ described by Storey is in the way it sees people as “valued assets, a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptability and high quality (of skills, performance and so on)”(Storey, 18; cited by Armstrong, 000). However it is difficult to find in the reality a clear version of human resource management suggested by Storey; it is more likely that organisation will have a mixture of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ versions.


The question ‘is there difference personnel management and human resource management’ is put on the pages of nearly all book about Human Resource Management or Personnel Management. This is very important question for understanding terminology but unfortunately there is no consistency and actually big diversity in answers for it. For some authors like Armstrong, who gives an answer for the question sated above “it is simply a re-labelling and repackaging of ‘progressive’ personnel management”(Bratton and Gold, 00)


HRM is regarded by some personnel managers as just a set of initials or old wine in new bottles. It could indeed be no more and no less than another name for personnel management, but as usually perceived, at least it has the virtue of emphasising treating people as a key resource, the management of which is the direct concern of top management as part of the strategic planning processes of the enterprise. Although there is nothing new in the idea, insufficient attention has been paid to it in many organizations. The new bottle of label can help to overcome that deficiency.


(Armstrong, 187; cited by Armstrong, 000)


Other authors defend that HRM is a completely new way of management people and have more differences than similarities with Personnel Management. “David Guest (187) emphasises the differences between the two approaches in his model illustrating ‘stereotypes of personnel management and human resource management’”(Torrington et al., 00 10)


As it can be seen from everything that have been said above Human Resource Management is more likely to be a new approach to the Personnel Management equipped with the new techniques and approaches. The history of Personnel Management, which has been outlined above, shows a very interesting pattern. Firstly, throughout the years this profession added a new ways of carrying out work and a new techniques brought by changes of the historical situation. Secondly, each time a new change appear in the work, profession changed its name which was largely associated with the part it played in particular time. It seems that argument putted by Torrington is largely correct


Personnel management has grown through assimilating a number of additional emphases to produce an ever-richer combination of expertise. HRM is no revolution but a further dimension to a multi-faceted role.


(Torrington, 18; cited by Armstrong, 000)


Since its emergence in Great Britain the term ‘Human Resource Management’ have been associated with coming of the new ideas and practices. It can be argued that there are no new ideas and practices but new approach, new emphasis and new angle from which we view the old ideas and practices. Some of them will be explored to show to what extend, if any, they have effected British employee relations is the last twenty five years.


First of all an important part of any organisation is it’s employee, their involvement and commitment to the organisation and its goals. In theory Human Resource Management should try to achieve next outcome thought its practices a “committed employee” who “will willingly identify with corporate goals and work flexibly to achieve them”(Pilbeam and Corbridge, 00 1). Some part of employee commitment had been measured in WERS thought these statements


• I share many of the values of my organisation;


• I feel loyal to my organisation; and,


• I am proud to tell people who I work for.


(Cully et al., 1 185)


The respond from employees of all levels were mostly united in agreeing to all statements, yet most widespread commitment and especially loyalty were shown by professional managerial staff, the least by skilled workers. It should be pointed out that commitment usually exist in close link with job satisfaction and job security (Cully et al., 1). In part of involvement some sings of differences, brought by new practices, can be seen for activities like regular meetings, problem-solving groups and staff attitude surveys, yet this changes occur in less than a half of workplaces (Sisson and Storey, 000). However, in less than a half of organizations participating in groups are rewarded; surveys taking place mainly in large organizations.


The training and development is second in line of practices. The term human resource management by itself gives emphasis to the human capability or managing people as recourse, which “implies that people are an investment; the latter that people are a cost, or commodity, to be minimized and to be efficiently deployed. If HRM is to have a distinguishing characteristic, however, which marks it out as a different way of managing, it has to be…in focusing on the development of people” (Hendry, 15 4). Training had been received by employees as formal ‘off-the-job’ training in over eighty per cant places. The proportion of employees received training varied depending on sector of business and size as well as occupation of employee. In public sector it was higher than in workplace which is a part of bigger organisation (57 per cent and 47 respectively). Availability of employee development plan will be discussed later.


The biggest issue is the strategic integration, which often pointed out as crucial element of HRM in it distinction from personnel management (Beardwell and Holden, 001). The vertical integration is aimed to “achieve a close relationship between business strategy and people management strategy” at the same time horizontal integration is aimed to “ensure that personnel and development activities are mutually reinforcing… in other words, the pursuit of a business focus to people management which creates and sustains competitive advantage”(Pilbeam and Corbridge, 00 1).In pursuit of strategic integration several problems occur first and foremost is how to assess integration and on what level it should be to be recognised as one (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 00). Workplace Employee Relations Survey 18 demonstrate that nearly seventy per cant of workplaces had a formal strategic plan, which enclosed as it part the employee development plan, over eighty per cent of human resource managers from these participated in its preparation (Cully et al., 1) The links between corporate strategy and Human Resource Strategy are very problematic to find and measure. Depending on the size of the organisation there can be no link (usual cause is insufficient human resource strategy) or Human Resource Strategy is driven by corporate, in other cases it could be other way around. Some authors stress that integration depends on several factors position of most senior human resource manager/director, attitude of company towards people’s value and so on. Research conducted by Hall and Torrington in 18 shows increase in a senior positions among human resource practitioners between 184 and 14 up to 6 pre cent, then again only a little over fifty per cent of them had role which included decision-making (Torrington et al., 00).


The table below shows the use practices, however, the use of some of them could be more widespread


Table 1.1 Percentage of workplaces using ‘new’ management practices and employee involvement schemes.


Appraisal and reward


Most non-managerial employees have performance formally appraised 56


Individual PRP scheme for non-managerial employees 11


Employee share ownership scheme for non-managerial employees 15


Profit-sharing scheme operated for non-managerial employees 0





Involvement and participation


Workplace level joint consultative committee 8


Regular meetings of entire workforce 7


Problem-solving groups (e.g. quality circles) 4


Staff attitude survey conducted in last five years 45


Workplace operates a system of team briefing for groups of employees 61


Most employees work in formally designated teams 65





Training and development


Most employees receive minimum of five days training a year 1


Most supervisors trained in employees relations skills 7





Status and security


Guaranteed job security or no compulsory redundancy policy 14


‘Single status’ between managers and non-managerial employees 41


Workplace operates a just-in-time system of inventory control


Attitudinal test before making appointments





Base all workplaces with 5 or more employees


Figures are weighted and based on response from 1,6 managers


(Source Cully et al., 18; cited by Sisson and Storey, 000)


During the last quarter of the century debates never stopped concerning definition and impact of Human Resource Management in Britain. It can’t be argued that since 180’s management of employee relations has passed through major changes, which occur in all its aspects. The whole business environment has changed, some miner and some radical. However, the main subject of now human resource management didn’t it is still people (Millward, 000).





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Shakespeare’s Othello should have been called Iago because Iago is by far the most interesting of all the main characters in the play, and the play seem to revolve around the consequences of Iago’s lies and deceptions. The “honest Iago” is actually pure evil, and in the final scene of the play, he pushes everyone towards their tragic end, including the leading character Othello. Iago’s opinion of himself is very high, he enjoy being evil, and seem to have his way in outwitting everyone to the very end. Iago is the kind of person who can lie without remorse and turn on the appearances of being funny and charming at the right moments. At the outset, Iagos official reason for his hatred of the Moor, Othello, comes from the fact that Othello passed over him in choosing a lieutenant. However, as the play rolls on, it becomes more apparent that there are other motives such as greed, jealousy, and the suspicion that Othello is sleeping with his wife. However, these are only excuses for his actions because his real contempt for Othello is motivated by bigotry. Although Iago knows how to hide his bigotry well, but the fact that Othello is black and is his superior annoys him to no end. This motivates him to go on a secret mission to destroy Othello, and various others who gets in the way.


As mentioned above, one of the major reasons for Iago’s hatred of Othello is due to being overlooked for promotion to the lieutenant. Whether it is valid or not, Iago truly believes that he is the most deserving person for the promotion. However, the promotion went to Cassio who, according to Iago, is only an arithmetician that has had no experience on the battle field “That never set a squadron in the field,/Nor the division of a battle knows/More than a spinster; unless the bookish theoric,/Wherein the toged consuls can propose/As masterly as he. Mere prattle, without practice” (CITE). Iago further justifies his worthiness for the job by claiming that there were these three very important persons who, out of their own concerns, asked Othello to give Iago the job “Three great ones of the city, / In personal suit to make me his lieutenant,


Off-cappd to him” (CITE). However, due to Iago’s deceptive nature, most likely it was Iago was trying to influence the outcome. Therefore, it bothers him that despite of his hard work, all his hopes are destroyed “I know my price, I am worth no worse a place” (CITE). Iago is an egotistical man and his self-esteem is hurt.


Iago’s own reason for his hatred of Othello is due to being passed over for a promotion, but Iago may have hated Othello even before that Iago despises the fact that he is beneath a Moor. In Iago’s bigoted mind, he considers his superior, Othello, as being of an inferior race. His bigotry can be felt in one of his conversations with Roderigo “And I -- God bless the mark! -- his Moorships ancient” (CITE). Iago uses the word Moorship to make fun of both Othellos character and his African ethnicity. Furthermore, Iago detests his own pretending to be a faithful follower of Othello “It is as sure as you are Roderigo, / Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago. In following him, I follow but myself;” (CITE). Clearly this is an irrational prejudice from a bigoted mind.





It can be said that greed is one of Iago’s main motives. This is evident in one of their meetings that Roderigo pleads to Iago “Iago, who hast had my purse/As if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this.” (CITE) Roderigo, who is in love with Othello’s wife, Desdemona, has been paying Iago money to help him win over Desdemonas heart. Iago mentions money on many occasions, and in one of these occasions, he explicitly asks to be paid “put money in thy purse” (CITE). However, Iago’s bigotry provides the real reason why he is willing the help Doderigo Iago does not think Othello has the right to marry the innocent and very white Desdemona. This is apparent when Iago shouts to her father, Barbantio “Even now, now, very now, an old black ram


Is tupping your white ewe” (CITE), and he continues “youll have your nephews neigh to you; youll have coursers for cousins, and jennets for germans (CITE). Iago’s tone and derogatory remarks clearly show his bigotry that fans his hatred of Othello.





Another one of the motives for Iago’s hatred of Othello is an indirect one The jealousy towards Cassio’s promotion compounded by the jealousy towards his good looks and overall appeal to others. As Iago says of Cassio “He hath a daily beauty in his life/That makes me ugly” (CITE), which suggests that Iago feels Cassio is far more attractive and charming than he is, therefore this makes Iago feel ugly. This is the only instance in the play that Iago actually feels inferior to someone. Ironically, at the same time Iago does not feel inferior to Othello. Again, this is Iago’s discriminatory mind at work.


It is evident that Iago’s hatred of Othello is partly due to his suspicion that Othello is sleeping with his wife, Emilia “I hate the Moor And it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets He has done my office” (CITE) Although Iago might not believe it himself, or care, the thoughts of others who might be thinking that such affair is taken place is enough for Iago to want retribution. By all accounts, Othello and Emilia have not a bit of interest in each other, but Iago’s irrational bigoted mind accompanied by his view of women as whores, convinced himself that it is true. Therefore, he wants revenge and he won’t be satisfied “Till I am evend with him, wife for wife, Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor / At least into a jealousy so strong/That judgment cannot cure” (CITE) Hence, he contemplates having sex with Othello’s wife as an ultimate form of revenge. However, as he put it, if he cannot accomplish this, he can at least put Othello in a jealous rage that Othello cannot get out of. Iago’s aim is to inspire such jealousy in Othello as to provoke Othello into irrationality, and in the hope that the consequence of such can lead to Othello’s downfall. By the end of the play, Iago accomplishes his aim, and both Othello and his wife pay with their lives as the outcome.


On the surface of Shakespeare’s play Othello, it is easy to believe the reasons cited by Iago as to why he is out to destroy Othello. However, it takes a more carefully analysis to realize that one cannot take Iago at his word and most of his reasons do not add up. In the play, there are no evident to support Iago’s claim that he is more worthy of the lieutenant position than Cassio, Othello has slept with his wife, and he is actually jealous of such. Hence, hidden underneath there must be some other reason for his irrational and extreme behavior for hating Othello. Upon closer inspection, many references to Othello’s race accompanied by Iago’s subtle yet powerful derogatory remarks can be found. These findings uncover the deeper motive and reveal its ugly head, and they point to bigotry.





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Most people overlook communication skills, but these talents are more important than individuals may think. Although communication is something that happens everyday, not many take the time to work on perfecting their abilities. There are many different ways to communicate, whether it is telephone calls, e-mails, or even face-to-face conversation; all of them have many characteristics to make them work successfully.


Telephones are good sources of communication, for use of news, family, or just keeping in touch, but bad telephone skills can make any good talk go badly. If the person on the other end of a phone conversation is not speaking clearly and they have to keep repeating themselves because of a lack of understanding, the conversation can loose all significance. Maybe the person on the other end of the phone is out of things to say, the opposing person can loose all interest in the already dull conversation. The volume of ones voice can easily make pleasant banter go sour to whoever is listening. A loud, overpowering voice can make someone feel as if they are being yelled at, or not welcome by this person. While on the other hand, a low voice could make the listener strain to hear and almost make the sociable chat turn into a hearing test. Any of these factors could make any telephone conversation an unpleasant occasion.


The technology of today has made interacting with people so easy and abundant. One of these new technologies is e-mail, or sending letters over the Internet. Even with this effortless equipment there is still room for error, because once the letter is sent, there is no way to get it back. A mistake that commonly happens is writing to much in one letter. If there are two pages of typed mayhem the recipient may get bored. The ideas that are expressed in letters should be to the point and making the position clear. Another way to diminish bad emails is thinking about who is going to read it. If an employer is receiving a memo it should be professional. If the employer looks at the screen only to see an unorganized mess of words and ideas, he or she may not take it seriously. Taking this to consideration, rereading would perhaps be the most important step in e-mailing. When the time is taken to check over the work put into writing something, it can only help. Viewing personal writing for a second time is helpful for spelling, run-on sentences, fragment, and oddly worded phrases. The usage of rereading, checking the length, and thinking about the topic at hand can aid in any e-mailing situation.





Nearly everyone has face-to-face conversations at a point in their life, but none realize that these conversations are the easiest to spoil. An obvious advantage to a solid conversation is speaking clearly. If someone is mumbling his or her words the strained listener is not paying as much notice to the dialogue. When mumbling is a factor the chatter could loose all meaning. Keeping eye contact with the partner in a talk makes them feel more involved and required. While it also shows them that the attention is on he or she as well as the discussion. Even though eye contact is a factor almost every issue of verbal contact comes down to the volume of a voice. The loud talker seems to push away the meaning of the word exchange. While the opposite, the low talker makes the conversation second in importance, next to translating the low volume mouth movement. It seems that even though face-to-face contact is an important form of contact, but it is the kind that is widely overlooked.


Therefore, being successful at communication whether it is telephone conversations, electronic mailing, and face-to-face conversations, the characteristics that help make them successful are vast and important. The skills that are involved with communication are not usually practiced, but should at least be considered when being involved in a form of conversation.





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General Information


Chinas consumer market is undergoing structural adjustments after 0 years of development. There are qualitative changes in the spending habits of consumers and it can be expected that during the Tenth Five-Year Plan (001-005), the consumption pattern in some Chinese cities will change from ¡°subsistence¡± mode to ¡°hedonist¡± mode which stresses the quality of life.


The policy of reform and opening up introduced at the end of 178 marked a turning point in Chinas economic development. Throughout the Sixth Five-Year Plan (181-85), Seventh Five-Year Plan (186-0), Eighth Five-Year Plan (11-5), and the current Ninth Five-Year Plan (16-000), the Chinese economy has been imbued with new vitality, making the transition from planned economy to market economy.


As the country emerges from isolation to integration into the international arena, its people are gradually moving from poverty towards a comfortably well-off life, driving the consumer market from a closed, deficient sellers market to an open, abundant buyers market. The huge potential of this market has become the focus of attention for





investors the world over.


Products and services in great demand in China include consumer electronics such as computers and cellular phones, sterilizers, dish washers, health products, personal care products, fitness equipment and work-out programs, home furnishings, credit card service, high-quality education aids and service, as well as leisure activities.


It¡¯s important to appreciate that China is made up of 1 provinces and four municipalities with together 1. billion people with diversity in culture, politics, behavior and even language where shanghai can be considered the most developed and Tibet/Xinjiang the least. China, in contrast to the West who often talk about a north/south divide, talks about an east/west dilemma.


Consumer Market


Consumer Behavior


In the past when supplies were scarce, ration coupons were required for the purchase of daily necessities. At that time, people¡¯s consumption behavior and pattern were basically identical because everyone had little to spend and there was not much to choose from. Since the introduction of reform and opening up in 17, people¡¯s consumption habit has undergone significant changes as the economy becomes more market-oriented. First, with the widening of the income gap, consumer behavior becomes more diversified. Second, following the increase on the supply side, people can choose whatever commodities and services they want. On the other hand, the consumer price index has been falling in recent years. As the prices of big-ticket items such as large-screen color TVs, VCDs, cars and computers continue to drop.


In recent years, housing, car and computer are dubbed the ¡°new three hot items¡±, or commodities most sought after by consumers in China. However, demand is stifled by their high prices. Among the three, housing and car are likely to grow in popularity in the next few years.


In 001, total retail sales of consumer goods (by location of retailers) and household consumption raised by 10.1% and 5.4% respectively from the previous year. The price raise continues into 000. The total retail sales of consumer goods in city, county and under county level raised by 11.5%, 8.7% and 7.% respectively in 000. The household consumption in 001 was 84.% compared with 178.


Income and Expenditure


Economy growth of 8% annually and would pass a few year. The income and expenditure of urban residents in current China are expected to rise.


The income of urban and rural residents has gone up steadily, and their standard of living has continued to improve. The Chinese people nationwide have jumped from the stage of having enough to eat and wear to that of living a better-off life. In 001, the disposable income per urban resident came to 6,85.58 Yuan or an increase of . percent over that of the previous year, in real terms; the net income per rural resident reached ,66.4 Yuan or a growth of 5.01 percent over that of the previous year, in real terms.


The per capita annual living expenditures for consumption in 001 raised by 6.% from the previous year and the structure of consumption has been optimized The proportion of the expenditure for clothes, food and daily necessities has decreased by a large margin, and the proportion of the expenditure for housing, communications and telecommunications, medical and health care, culture, education and recreation has gone up rapidly. (Table 1)


Table 1


Item %


185 10 15 000 001


Food 5.5 54.5 4. .18 7.4


Clothing 14.56 1.6 1.55 10.01 10.05


Household Facilities, Articles and Service 8.60 10.14 8. 8.7 8.7


Medicine and Medical Service .48 .01 .11 6.6 6.47


Transport, Post and Communication Services .14 1.0 4.8 7.0 8.61


Recreation, Education and Cultural Services 8.17 11.1 8.84 1.56 1.00


Residence 4.7 6.8 7.07 10.01 10.


Miscellaneous Commodities and Services 7.01 0.4 4.8 5.17 5.5


China Yearly Book 00


In 001, the Engels coefficient of urban residents (the proportion of food expenditure in the total consumption expenditure) was 7. percent, or a drop of 1 percentage points from that in 15, and a decrease of close to 0 percentage points from that in 178. Meanwhile, the Engels coefficient of rural residents was 47.7 percent or a decrease of about 10 percentage points from that of 15, and 0 percentage points lower than that of 178.


Credit Service


In the past, there were few credit card users. The Chinese people have been taught since their childhood that they should live within their means and should avoid running into debts. Unlike westerners who are used to credit spending, they live thriftily and do not spend what they have not earned. Cash is the most preferred form of payment in China and there are less than 1 per cent of Chinese consumers purchases are by bank or credit cards at that time. In current China, although the number of real credit cards is still not large, they have been accepted by more and more Chinese people, especially preferred by young generations in big cities, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. The number of international bank cards rose from ,000 in 18to 500,000 in 001. Meanwhile, more and more urban residents use consumer credit offered by banks to buy expensive things such as houses and cars.


Savings


The savings deposit in urban and rural areas in 001 was 776.4 billion Yuan, which the fixed deposits and the current deposits were 514.4 billion Yuan and .76 billion Yuan respectively. It has risen by 45.76 billion Yuan compared with previous year. This was reflected in the steady increase in urban savings deposits. Although the Bank of China has lowered interest rates on six occasions in a bid to stimulate consumption, savings deposits continued to rise.


Savings deposits in China increased by 14.6% over the previous year to RMB5, 40.7bn in 18, by 10.4% to RMB5, 6.18bn in 1, and by 7.74% to RMB6, 4.4bn in 000. The desire to save is still going strong. The market economy, however, has heightened people¡¯s awareness of the need to invest and to take precautions against risks. In addition to pension contributions and medical and unemployment insurance premiums, people are saving part of their income for investment in stock market and properties.


Changes in consumer habits


Convenience and Time Saving


As China becomes more open and comes into closer contact with the world and as commercial activities continue to grow, more and more people are beginning to value their time and go after higher efficiency. As a result, fast food and instant food are welcomed by white collars that are living in urban areas, especially in big cities, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Because they having so many works to do so they do not have enough time to prepare for a meal. Fast food and instant food are the best choice for them. However, currently, they do not satisfied with their convenient making, but pay more attention to the nutrition among them. So the fast food and instant food with high nutrition will have a large market in China. Clothing with zippers, instead of buttons, slip-on shoes, disposable table cloth, as well as home electrical appliances that make household chores easier are becoming hot-selling items. More people are using taxis and private cars in addition to public transport to get around. Letter writing is replaced by phone calls, and telegraphs are replaced by faxes. Pagers, mobile phones, MSM and email have become part of people¡¯s everyday life.


Better Quality of Life


Cheng Siwei, vice chairman of standing committee of National Peoples Congress and director of National Natural Science Funds latest estimates that housing expenditure will be likely to account for 15% to 0% of the family income by 010.


Chinese people¡¯s concept of living has changed from merely seeking shelter to finding a spacious, comfortable and nice place to live in. Over the last 0 years, there has been a marked increase in people¡¯s living space. The using space per urban resident increased from 11.8 sq m in 15 to 15.5 sq m in 001; and the living space per rural resident grew from 1 sq m to 5.7 sq m. In 001, 575 million sq m of floor space of urban residential buildings were completed; and the construction of rural residential buildings totaling a floor space of 1.07 million sq m was completed. Hence, housing conditions have been further improved. Meanwhile, people are also paying more attention to decorating and modernizing their homes. Usually, after buying a new house, people will spend 15%-0% of the house value to renovate it. Not only for the new house, even the old apartment, people will have renovation after living for 5 to 10 years, especially in big cities. This phenomenon shows there is a big market for building materials. And as consumers¡¯ basic needs are satisfied in quantitative terms, they begin to pursue a higher level of satisfaction, such as going after social equality, ecological balance, and fresh air, a clean and tidy living environment, as well as dignity and fun in life. That is to say an ideal living environment is now seen as an important aspect of a quality life.


Diversity and Individuality


With the development of the commodity economy, consumer goods are now available in ever increasing varieties and designs and new products are constantly introduced into the market, offering consumers with more choices.


Clothing is no longer just something to cover the body or to keep warm, but something to look nice in. In place of the dull colored Mao suits in the early days are now garments of various colors, fabrics and styles for different ages, different genders, different body frames, different seasons and different tastes. People are paying increasing attention to design and quality. In addition to comfort, convenience and practicality, people are also looking for style, taste and individuality in what they wear. Some consumers are also becoming more brand conscious in their choice of clothes and durable consumer goods, and tend to buy expensive brand name products of good quality. Branding is the bedrock of any successful marketing effort, but in China it takes on special importance. China¡¯s dizzyingly rapid transformation from a planned economy to a market-driven society has confronted consumers with an explosion of lifestyle choices unparalleled in the country¡¯s history. Within a generation, consumers have gone fro having almost no choices about what to eat, drink, buy, wear and drive, to having an abundance of options in those areas. In an environment of proliferating choices, strong branding cuts through the clutter and simplifies buying decisions, giving marketers a clear opportunity to build a loyal customer base. Today, the long gap in China¡¯s brand consciousness means products with strong brand recognition elsewhere in the world may lack solid footing here. In china, all brands have an equal chance to succeed-great news for upstarts facing off against larger companies, and a warning for larger firms hoping to trade on the brand equity they have accumulated in other markets.


Cosmetic sales in China show that these products are not just skin deep. Total sales of cosmetics products in 000 exceeded RMB0.0 (US$.66) billion. Since economic reform started 0 years ago, Chinas cosmetics market has grown an average of .8% a year from 18 to 18. Although this growth slowed to about 1.% a year after 18, cosmetic sales in China should reach RMB80.0 (US$.76) billon by 010.In a market already crowded with ,000 domestic Chinese cosmetics manufacturers, more than 450 foreign companies have invested in excess of US$00.0 million in China over the last decade, further stimulating the rapid growth of this sector. Of the 70 wholly foreign owned and joint venture companies may only account for 0% of Chinas cosmetics manufacturers but together, they represent 80% of the cosmetics market. At present, skincare products account for 5% of Chinas cosmetics market, followed by hair care items (8%), beauty products (4%) and perfume (8%). Skincare products are, by some distance, the fastest growing segment in the cosmetics market. By contrast, the market for shampoo and hair care products is reaching saturation, as evidenced by slowing growth rates. Make-up and beauty products have much room for expansion in this market segment. The market for childrens products, meanwhile, is expanding rapidly. Anti ultra violet (UV) components are fast becoming a driving trend and sales of anti-UV cosmetics have been posting annual growth rates of about 0%. For the young at heart, sports cosmetics are seen as products for the future, as workers develop work and play lifestyles. Men are beginning to be targeted for cosmetics, trying to turn around inhibitions of a lifetime. An unexpected byproduct of Chinas single-child policy is the growth of a boom market for baby care products.


Ice cream is a hot favorite e of the summer food business in China. Just 10 years ago, the Chinese cream market was still relatively small. Imports, mostly premium types, were a small but growing part of this market. Today dairy products are one of the fastest growing sectors of the market in China, and statistics from the China Food and Drink Industries Association show that the annual growth rate of the ice cream industry is 105 percent since 187. Perhaps the largest contribution factor in the growth of the ice cream market has been the presence of foreign dairy companies, both as active importers and now as manufacturers in China. More than 1,000 ice cream companies, including world famous ones such as the Walls of Britain and Nestle of Switzerland, have introduced new products to China, with total annual production exceeding 1 million liters last year. Statistics indicate the annual consumption of ice cream in China is 1 liter, or 0. quart per capita, a huge increase from just 10 years ago. However, considering the 7. quarts of ice cream consumed b each European I a year or the 1.8 quarts gobbled down by Americans, it is clear that there is a huge room for the Chinese appetite for ice cream to grow. As China¡¯s economic conditions improve, producers expect more people to become ice cream consumers. The vast rural markets, which remain untouched by the joys of ice ream, are next in line to be tempted by the delicious concoctions of China¡¯s ice cream moguls.


At the same time, as more cultural and recreational facilities are available and as people have more time to spare, life after work also becomes richer and more interesting. Having a taste for the cuisine from foreign countries is one of entertainment during spare time and it is now quite popular among Chinese. There are several foreign restaurants in China which can supply all kinds of flavors such as Latin-American, Curry, Continental Food, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai, Middle Eastern, German, Spanish, Mexican, Italian, French Cuisine, Brazilian Food, American Food, | Japanese Food, Indian Food, Singaporean Food, Southeast Asian Food, Portuguese Food, Pizza from Italy, Australian Food, Russian Food and Greek Food.


Personal Development


Chinese consumers are now aware of the importance of education and culture to man¡¯s development and are beginning to go in quest of knowledge and science. There has been an educational upsurge in China since the 80s. On the one hand, full-time institutions of higher learning and technical schools are enlarging their enrolment while on the other; marked progress has been achieved in adult education. Distance learning through TV and correspondence, evening universities and all kinds of short-term training programs are offered all over the country. Getting a diploma or acquiring a special skill has become a must in the highly-competitive modern society. Out of this grows the demand for a fuller life. Many Chinese students now choose to study abroad. Statistics show that the total number of Chinese students studying abroad was 00,000 and some 5,000 Chinese per year go abroad to study in 10 countries around the world. This puts China at the top of countries throughout the world in the number of students studying abroad, which in turn has created an industry in China of intermediary agents that provide students -- 80,000 of whom are paying their own expenses -- with services in regard to their travel, tuition fees, board and other matters. The cost was the major consideration for Chinese people in choosing where to study. Students from an ordinary family can not afford the expenses in America or England because the living level is too high for them. Security and the degree of difficulty in getting visas are also factors to consider for Chinese students when they make their choices of countries to go. With the development of Chinas economy, Chinese people are willing to invest more in education, which made it possible for more students to study abroad, so there is a potential market in China for Malaysia universities. MBA, Management, IT and MPA are the most attractive courses to Chinese student.


More families are now buying books and ordering newspapers and magazines. Sales of electronic organs, violins, accordions and even expensive pianos are growing. Watching TV and movies, listening to music, reading books and newspapers and going away on holidays have become a way of life for many families. In the rural areas, people are also attaching greater importance to their spiritual and cultural life. Illiteracy has been gradually reduced. The establishment of cultural centers in many places has enriched people¡¯s life.


China¡¯s Outbound Tourism


The growing number of Chinese tourists is bringing economic benefits to their destination countries around the world. In 001, Chinese outbound travelers totaled 1.144 million, 15.87% more than 000. Among them, business travelers were 5.1877 million, accounting for 4.75%, down .48%. Travelers for private purposes were 6.467 million accounting for 57.5%, up .48%.


Total Number of Chinas


Outbound Travelers in 001


Unit RMB (Yuan)





So far, countries and regions have received the Approved Destination Status (ADS) from the Chinese, making China the biggest source of tourists in Asia and the number is growing. Many countries applying for ADS expressed the hope of sharing in the prosperity of the worlds most populous nation. The WTO predicts that by 00, China will be the worlds the fourth major source of tourists. Although Chinese people are able to travel to 14 countries, Southeast Asian countries -- especially Thailand -- is still the most favorite to tourists for its comparatively low prices. According to statistics from CITS, 4 per cent of the tourists who traveled abroad chose Southeast Asian countries as destinations in 001. Chinese outbound tourism has been growing since the mid-10s. The country now has a significant affluent middle class with substantial disposable income and a desire to spend. Over the past decade outbound travel has increased at an average of 1% a year; and a conservative estimate puts today¡¯s potential long- haul pleasure travel market at close to three million people. In 001 about 10 million Chinese traveled within Asia, and as China¡¯s economy continues to grow, it seems likely that more of these travelers will venture further field. Chinese tourists are especially lucrative as they tend to spend freely. In some countries with ADS designation, Chinese tourists spend on average more than $4,660 per trip, as they make purchases not only for themselves but for friends, family and co-workers back home.


How to Market in China


Market Entry & Development


With over 1. billion people, China is one of the largest consumer markets in the world with high economic growth momentum. However, maximizing your ability to capture this market involves challenging processes. In China, normal sound business practice still applies. International businesses frequently face difficulties when they cut corners and are left with poor infrastructure, disjointed supply chains, or at worst the copying of your goods. We can create solutions that provide long term, sustainable market growth to be considered to setting up cooperation in China are as follows


V Feasibility Studies


V Logistics & Customs Importation


V Sales & Distribution


V Agents


V Marketing


V Brand Management


V IP Protection


V Competitor Analysis


V Government Relations


V Industry Intelligence


V Partner Identification/ Evaluations


V Risk Assessments


V Regional Evaluations


Developing a Business Case for China


Developing a business case is all about the bottom line. How much does it cost? What is the risk? You know your business better than anyone else and within enough China knowledge will allow you to prepare a sensible, practical study into the whys and wherefores of conducting business in the PRC.


Distribution Channel


China is a country and its consulate has distribution channel in big cities such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou.


Poor infrastructure and lack of a national distribution network can make it difficult to move goods cheaply and efficiently in China. Therefore, companies that can develop distribution solutions are at a distinct advantage over competitors.


Chinas distribution problems stem from two primary factors


A Developing Economy Not only is China a developing nation, but also it is a massive one. China is no different from other developing nations with similar infrastructure problems, only it is much bigger. The regional systems of distribution are only patched loosely together. The market in China is better treated as a grouping of several regional ones each with their own challenges.


The Closed Door Legacy The traditional system had three tiers of distribution national, provincial and local. Imported goods under the direction of the central government passed through each level, so a national system to distribute domestically produced goods never developed. Chinas previous leaders dreamed of creating an economic system in which each city would be self-sufficient, with no need to build a national distribution system. As a result, todays market is made up of many smaller local distribution hubs. Perhaps more frustrating for the foreign firms are the fact that many Chinese distributors look on their roles very simple, just as moving products from one area to another. Only recently have concepts of product promotion and evaluation made their way into the PRC.


Since most distributors have limited market reach on a national level, importers may be forced to cultivate relationships with individual distributors and wholesalers in various regions at various levels.


In such a complex system it is critical that distributors are properly assessed in advance and that once a relationship has been established the importer can work closely with the wholesalers to insure the proper sales and service ethic. Additionally, independent agents are frequently essential, as they have the contacts and market knowledge to effectively guide your product into the Chinese marketplace. Furthermore, the cost of maintaining multiple representative offices can be quite a burden to the small to medium sized foreign enterprise.


Distribution systems in China


V Distribution systems in China can be divided as follows


I. Import


II. Domestic Trade (if there is production in China)


a. Direct Sales (self distribution)


b. Indirect Sales (via intermediaries)


V Currently there are four main ways to import goods into China








Through state owned I/E companies or others with an import license


Advantages Disadvantages


V Good guanxi (relationship)


V Well experienced in handling customs V High costs


V No initiative








Through trading companies in Hong Kong





V Low costs


V Well experienced in handling customs


V Good guanxi (relationship)


V Dangerous (some goods might be brought into China inllegal)








Through multinational trading companies





V Various services in sales and marketing


V Low exit costs V Less market knowledge








Through free trade zone trading companies





V Preferential policies (lower tax) V Still have restrictions to bring in products and still require local import/export companies to bring goods


Goods produced locally can be distributed directly via own offices, showrooms, traveling sales people, etc. or with the help of intermediaries. Such intermediaries can be international logistic companies, international trade companies or Chinese (state owned or private) trade companies


If distributors have to be chosen a thorough evaluation of potential distributors (by conducting benchmarking and due diligence analyses) can help to find the most appropriate partner.





Business Practices


General Business Practices


¡ñ The Chinese will nod or bow slightly as an initial greeting. Handshakes are also popular wait, however, for your Chinese counterpart to initiate the gesture.


¡ñ If you visit a school, theater, or other workplace, it is likely that you will be greeted with applause as a sign of welcome. In turn, you should respond by applauding back.


¡ñ Avoid making expansive gestures and using unusual facial expressions.


¡ñ When speaking, the Chinese do not use their hands too often.


¡ñ Some hand gestures, however, are necessary. They are outlined in the next two points


To summon attention, turn your palm down or up, waving your fingers toward yourself.


Use your whole hand rather than your index finger to call a person towards you.


¡ñ Chinese people, especially those who are older or in positions of authority, dislike being touched by strangers.


¡ñ Acknowledge the most senior person in a group first.


¡ñ In the past, Smiling is not as noticeable in China, since there is a heavy emphasis on repressing emotion.


¡ñ In negotiation with Chinese people, one should be serious but friendly.


¡ñ Chinese businessmen like to entertain their foreign partners before talk.


¡ñ Do not put your hands in your mouth, as it is considered vulgar. Consequently, when in public, avoid biting your nails or use fingers to remove food from your teeth, and similar practices. Using toothpick to remove food is acceptable.


¡ñ If a Chinese person gives you a compliment; it is polite to deny it graciously. Modesty is highly valued in China.


¡ñ The Chinese point at objects with an open hand instead of the index finger. Beckoning to someone is done with a palm facing down. Avoid beckoning with your index finger facing up.


¡ñ Do not try too hard to go Chinese. Chinese do not expect you to know all of their etiquette, and they make allowances for foreigners. Keep the above guidelines in mind, but above all, be yourself.


¡ñ The Chinese do not like to be touched, particularly by strangers. Do not hug, back slap or put an arm around someones shoulder.


¡ñ Do not snap finger.


¡ñ Do not show the soles of shoes.


¡ñ Do not whistle.


Business Practice


Greetings


Address a person using his or her family name only, such as Mr. Chen or Ms. Xu. The Chinese family name comes first and is usually one syllable. A one or a two-syllable given name follows a family name. For example, in the case of Teng Peinian, Teng is the family name and Peinian is the given name. In some instances, Westernized Chinese might reverse their names when visiting and sending correspondence abroad. Therefore, it is always a good idea to ask a native speaker which name is the family name.


For business purposes, it is traditionally acceptable to call a Chinese person by the surname, together with a title, such as Director Wang or Chairman Li. Avoid using someones given name unless you have known him or her for a long period of time. Formality is a sign of respect, and it is advisable to clarify how you will address someone very early in a relationship, generally during your first meeting.


Do not try to become too friendly too soon, and do not insist that your Chinese counterparts address you by your given name. The American pattern of quick informality should be resisted.


The Chinese way of greeting is a nod or slight bow. However, when interacting with Westerners, Chinese usually shake hands. Bear in mind that a soft handshake and a lack of eye contact do not necessarily indicate timidity. It only implies that the person is not accustomed to the firm handshakes commonly used in the West.


Business meetings


In China, it is assumed that the first person that enters the room is the head of the group. Malaysian should observe this convention so as not to confuse the Chinese. Important guests are usually escorted to their seats first. If the meeting room has a large central table, the principal guest is likely to be seated directly opposite the principal host.


When exchange business cards, hold out your card using both hands, with the writing facing the recipient. Cards should always be exchanged individually (one-on-one).


Never toss or deal your business card across the table, as this is considered extremely rude. Receive a business card with both hands and scan it immediately for vital information. Then lay the card in front of you on the table. It is demeaning to put someones card directly into your pocket without looking at it first.





Malaysian businessmen should obscure punctuality as Chinese now are very punctuate in all their events of functions.


Meetings begin with small talk. Resist the temptation to get down to business right away. Also, avoid telling jokes, because jokes sometimes do not translate across cultures and can cause confusion or hurt feelings.


Business cards


Chinese business people always have business cards with them and cards exchanging is the usual practice when meeting for the first time. So, bring enough business cards with you. It¡¯s embarrassing if not presenting your own card when you are offered one.


When giving or accepting cards, one should use both hands.


Once having the card, don¡¯t tuck it in the pockets immediately; use some time to study the characters even if you don¡¯t understand them. It¡¯s a way to show respect to the person. Very often one side of the card is in Chinese, the other side in English. If you also have your card both in English and Chinese, make sure some real expert do the translations, because the same sound will have several Chinese equivalents, and some are often of better meanings than the others.


Bring a large supply of business cards. You may meet many more people than anticipated.


Social events


At a formal banquet be prepared to give a brief and friendly speech in response to the hosts speech.


When inviting Chinese to a party, one should remember to serve a real meal rather than snacks and drinks.


When invited for dinner, it is considered to be proper etiquette to sample every dish served. Your host may serve some food for you, and it is nice to reciprocate, if you feel comfortable doing so. Always leave something on your plate at the end of the meal or your host might think that you are still hungry.


Gift giving


If is appropriate to bring a gift, particularly something representative of your town or region, to a business meeting or social event. Gifts indicate that you are interested in building a relationship.


Chinese do not usually accept a gift or favor when it is first presented. Refusing two or three times is thought to reflect modesty and humility. Accept something in haste makes a person look aggressive and greedy. And Chinese usually do not open the gifts in front of the givers. Present your gifts with both hands. And when wrapping, we should pay attention to colors.


Red, pink, yellow, gold are colors indicating luck, happiness, prosperity, etc. while white, black are not so good. Some gifts to avoid


Chrysanthemums¡ªused for funerals


Pears/ umbrellas¡ªsound the same as separation in Chinese


Clock¡ªsounds like the expression ¡°the end of life¡±


Red ink for writing cards or letters¡ªsymbolizing the end of a relationship


Never give sharp objects such as knives or scissors as they would signify the cutting of a relationship. Lucky numbers are 6 and 8 (especially in a series, such as 66 or 888). An unlucky number is 4.


Women in the workplace


Officially, women have equal pay and equal status at jobs in China. They hold positions in factories, offices, government ministries, etc., right beside men, though most company leaders are men. Foreign businesswomen coming to China should not encounter any discrimination. On the contrary, if a woman represents a company in China, she would be considered a person of exceptional competence to be given such an important job. Of course, she should maintain a businesslike manner and her attire should be rather formal.


Survival tips


Keep in mind that in China, and virtually all other countries, that /6/01 means June , 001. When sending correspondence, avoid confusion by writing your date in full.


Do learn a few words of Chinese. This shows an interest in your hosts language and culture. It also is a very good icebreaker.


Learn the legal environment in China. China is undergoing great changes in laws, rules and regulations at accession to WTO. Getting familiar with applicable laws where your business conduct takes place is the first and foremost step.


Look for a business partner in China. The partner can be a supplier, customer, distributor, agent, consultant, etc. depending on the type of business, product or service. Such partner can help overcome the communication barrier in the process.


Be aware of Chinese culture value and ways of doing things. You can expect Chinese to speak English or other foreign languages and understand the Western ways of doing things, but you should also develop patience in working with ordinary Chinese people including government officials.


Everyday Etiquette


China is known as a state of etiquette and ceremonies. To well understand Chinese, some concepts should not be ignored


Mianzi (Face)


The idea of shame usually expressed as face could be loosely defined as the status or self-respect in Chinese and by no means alien to foreigners. It is the worst thing for a Chinese to lose face. Never insult, embarrasses, shame, yell at or otherwise demean a person. Neither tries to neither prove someone wrong nor shout at him in public.


Guanxi (Relationships between People)


The fundamental glue that has held society together is the concept of guanxi, relationships between people. It is very important for the Chinese to have good relationships.


The importance of Guanxi


(1) Initiate contacts in person


() Create a good ¡°first impression¡±


() Relationship brings relationships.


Keqi


Keqi not only means considerate, polite, and well mannered, but also represents humbleness and modesty. The expression is most often used in the negative, as in buyao keqi, meaning you shouldnt be so kind and polite to me, or youre welcome.


Form of greeting a brief handshake


Sometime as an expression of warmth, a Chinese will cover the normal handshake with his left hand. Embracing and kissing when greeting or saying good-bye is highly unusual. Generally, Chinese don¡¯t show their emotions and feelings in public. Except young lovers in cities, you might catch a glimpse of young couple kissing, or walking hand in hand.


Conversation


Family matters can be a good topic of conversation, and will go into great details. The subject of income often comes up. Jokes are okay in informal situations, but not when speaking to a group. Besides, jokes are hard to get through. The meaning is often lost in translation. Be fairly cautious in political discussions or better leave the subject alone. Generally speaking, Chinese will usually


(1) Avoid saying no;


() Say things that they believe that you want to hear;


() Be reluctant to break bad news.


So explain to your Chinese co-workers that you appreciate forthright communication.


Confucianism not a religion.


Some basic ideas are


(1) Respect for and obedience to the superiors and parents, duty and loyalty to friends.


() Age and rank are respected. Older foreign businesspeople are likely to receive more serious attention than younger people.


() Confucianism honors humility and courtesy. Individualism is not encouraged.


Survival tips


As a health precaution, it is advisable for international visitors to drink bottled water, even in hotels and restaurants.


Bring basic cold and anti-diarrhea medicines and your own prescription drugs.


Avoid talking politics or religion. Good topics Chinese food, sports or places one should visit.


Important festivals and holidays


New Year¡¯s Day January 1.


Spring Festival the first day of the first lunar month.


Lantern Festival the 15th day of the first lunar month


Women¡¯s Day March 8.


Qingming Festival April 5.


Labor Day May 1.


Children¡¯s Day June 1.


Mid-Autumn Festival the 15th day of the eighth lunar month


National Day October 1.


Negotiation with Chinese


There is no way to anticipate or avoid all of the problems of dealing with Chinese business people and bureaucrats, but there are a number of common-sense guidelines, learned the hard way pioneers in the country. They should help to minimize the problems and significantly enhance the possibilities of success. Here is a list of dos and donts that front line business is quick to share with newcomers


1. Know your own company and its products inside and out.


. At the beginning of a relationship with a Chinese company or government bureau make a special point of emphasizing that your own company follows high ethical standards, that you are bound by those standards, and that they specifically prohibit under-the-table payments. In order to make this pill go down a little easier it pays to emphasize how everyone on both sides of the table will benefit from a successful business relationship, appealing to the nationalist pride of the Chinese. I recommend that this statement of your companys ethical standards be in written form and printed on impressive stationery.


. Know everything possible about the Chinese company or agency you are going to be dealing with, including personal details about the managers and executives you will be meeting. If necessary, engage the services of an investigative agency to get behind the facade of the organization. Make sure that whatever investigation is done covers the corruption rating of the company or bureau concerned. If you are going to do business in China through an agent, take special pains to ensure that the agent is not one of the many that rely on primarily bribes in dealing with bureaucracy and suppliers. If you are asked for a bribe, do not show anger. Apologize sincerely and present a copy of your companys ethical guidelines, adding that if you agree to any kind of unauthorized payment you will be fired. (If you need and escape from this position, you can always agree to try to arrange some kind of authorized consideration).


4. If you are going to have employees in China, prepare a formal written code of conduct and require that all new employees sign the code as part of their employment contract.


5. Be as informed as possible about current social, economic, and political aspects of China. One of the best ways to accomplish this is to interview other foreign business people who are stationed in China and have been there for several years.


6. Know as much as possible about the Chinese market as it relates to your products and goals. Again, the insights of foreign business people on the scene can be invaluable.


7. Keep in mind that there is a social and political as well as economic content to business in China and that you will have to be knowledgeable enough and flexible enough to adapt to the Chinese environment.


8. Make sure your presentations are specific, comprehensive, and clear.


. If you are using your own interpreter, make sure you qualify him or her in advance. Also make sure he or she has studied your presentation before your meetings.


10. Prepare summary copies of your presentation, preferably in English and Chinese, and pass them out at the beginning of the meeting.


11. Take an open, friendly, sincere stance in your presentation. Some say nice things about China (but dont overdo it) and about your own country, adding that you believe a successful relationship will contribute to both countries.


1. Be totally honest and frank in your responses to questions, proposals, or criticism. If anything is amiss, if there is any kind of misunderstanding, cover it immediately. If you let it go by, it will likely come back to haunt you because the Chinese will assume that you approve or have no objections.


1. Exude sincerity and goodwill, but be firm and consistent in making points and position clear.


14. Do not expect fast agreement from the Chinese side. Do not expect seemingly endless litany of questions, requests for more information, and a variety of demands.


15. Be prepared to give a little on some points where you have leeway, but always get something in return.


16. Do not put yourself in a position where you have to have an answer or a contract in three days or any other short time-frame. It also pays to not put all your eggs into someone elses basket.


17. Keep in mind that the Chinese are generous in their use of time. They know that in most cases it is on their side and they will take the fullest possible advantage of it. Put yourself in a position where you can be patient and do not suffer.


18. Stay friendly, stay firm, stay unflustered. Let the Chinese know that, if you cannot reach an agreement within a reasonable period of time for any reason beyond their control or your control, you are prepared to do business with someone else.


1. If you do not have powerful connections in China, get some help from friends and or other connections and make them.


0. Emphasize that the relationship must be mutually beneficial-a relatively new concept in Chinese thinking. (The traditional and still generally automatic reaction is that, in any foreign relationship, the Chinese side should benefit first and foremost. Part of this reaction is a holdover from the generations when foreigners were expected to bring gifts to demonstrate friendship and recognition of China as the supreme power. Nowadays, part of it is based on the concept that Chinas needs take precedence over the foreigners desires to make what are typically perceived of as excessive profits.)





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