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IDENTIFY, AND THEN COMMENT UPON, THE VARIETY OF NARRATIVE TECHNIQUES, IN THE HANDMAID’S TALE.


Narrative techniques are the different ways in which a writer tells their story.


Ask yourself the following questions about how the story of The Handmaid’s Tale is told


Is it all first-person narration? What are the advantages of this technique for the reader? Is it autobiographical? Is it genuine autobiography, or fictive autobiography? Is the story told in the same way all the way through? Does the story flow in a straightforward, easily understood style? Are we told the name of our narrator immediately? Does the story emerge in a fragmented, bit-by-bit, way? Could it be deliberately confusing? Are there different narrators? Are we allowed into the narrator’s own thoughts? Do we discover much about the narrator’s past? How? What id the effect of using flashbacks?





POINTS TO CONSIDER


· Is the first person narration significant? What is the effect of it for the reader?


· Why are the epigraphs important? Why are they there? What do they add?


· Does the novel begin in a clear, easily understood way? Or, is there some deliberate confusion (narrative puzzle emerges / many ideas of time are presented � both the recent and distant past / effect is to place the story in the recent future)?


· How are the ‘Night’ sections (chapters 1,7 & 18) different from other parts of the novel? Think of what Offred does and why.


· The use of time shifts and flashbacks


· The fragmentation of the storytelling, it is only revealed bit by bit


· The comments made by Offred about the act of storytelling itself � C7, C & (directly addresses the audience for the first time)


· The ‘double’ motifs � see class notes 6--0


· The Historical Notes at the end of the book explain why Offred’s story has been told in such a fragmented way. It was pieced together, from Offred’s original tape recordings by the academic professors. This explains, and justifies, the fragmented style of storytelling to the reader. Of course, this style of storytelling, of only partial disclosure, suits Atwood’s purpose as a storyteller, of presenting the story gradually. Also, Atwood deliberately wants to show Offred as a distressed and confused narrator; the fragmented storytelling, where Offred cannot concentrate on the dreadful present for too long without recourse to the preferable past, reinforces the idea of Offred’s distress. Therefore, Atwood’s narrative style aids her presentation of Offred as a distressed and discontented woman.


NIGHT


Night recurs as a heading seven times. It always signals ‘time out’ when Offred’s life is not under public scrutiny, and when she can escape into her own private world of memory and desire


TIME SHIFTS AND FLASHBACKS


Mostly within the ‘Night’ sections where the flashbacks are most sustained


The narrative switches often, between the past, present and distant past, juxtaposing past and present, through Offred’s memories.


Creates a continuing sense of the physical and emotional confusion Offred feels because she has to escape her present


The ubiquitous past brings happiness, comfort and power to keep fighting, but it also brings despair, longing and loneliness EFFECT IS to increase the reader’s empathy for Offred as they are all emotions that we can relate to


By using memory, we see Offred ‘feel’ � ‘stream of consciousness’ technique seeks to replicate real thought processes and jumps from one subject to another


Like a palimpsest, a parchment that is scraped clean to be used again, traces of Offred’s original identity and beliefs still exist beneath her Handmaid guise


THE FRAGMENTATION OF THE STORYTELLING


A discontinuous, spasmodic narrative, with frequent time shifts & short scenes � effect is


to create narrative puzzle / reflect Offred’s confusion & distress / represents the complex ways that memory works, where the present moment is always pervaded / affected by other times & places


The story shifts abruptly from one scene to another, from present to past time so the narrator’s present situation and past history are only gradually revealed


We have to piece together and reconstruct the story


The story starts in a confusing manner with unfamiliar surroundings, although the setting does become more familiar


Offred’s story pieces together the voice of the powerless and oppressed in Gilead it is only revealed bit by bit


THE COMMENTS MADE ABOUT THE ACT OF STORYTELLING


A self-conscious narrator who is aware of the limitations of narrating stories and the human need for telling stories


Storytelling (onto tape) is the only possible gesture against the silences of death and of history � it is an act of rebellion in itself


DOUBLES MOTIF


IN LITERATURE, A MOTIF IS A RECURRING, DOMINANT IDEA


Double life - both her physical existence and in her memories


Two identities � Handmaid and being an individual in her own right � wife, mother, daughter


Two names � birth names and her Gileadean patronynic


Offred & Ofglen look alike as they shop together


Characters have their own counterparts � Nick and Luke; Moira and Ofglen; Offred and the previous Offred





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In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, Nick’s claim that Gatsby turned out to be all right is true because Gatsby cared about other people, knew how to love, and openly as well as freely shared his wealth. Nick was able to support his conclusion because Gatsby sincerely had compassion for other people. Fitzgerald provides numerous examples of Gatsby’s true care, causing it to be quite prevalent throughout the novel. Gatsby’s knowledge of how to love is a significant reason why Nick was able to advocate his proclamation. This wisdom is an important component in the basis of the novel, and Fitzgerald continuously uses it to portray Gatsby’s true character. A final and substantial reason why Nick was able to validate his statement that Gatsby turned out all right in the end is that Gatsby generously shared his prosperity. Fitzgerald uses both Gatsby’s true care and knowledge of how to have love for others in the formation of Gatsby’s ability to share his wealth. Nick, being a benevolent person himself, could detect the true heart of Gatsby and his genuine compassion for others.


Nick was able to validate his statement that Gatsby turned out all right in the end because he genuinely had compassion for other people. Upon obtaining his wealth, Gatsby made sure that his parents’ needs were adequately taken care of. He furnished a new home for them, and he made certain that they never lived in destitution. During one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties at his home, a young woman tore her dress on a chair. Gatsby truly cared enough about the woman, as well as the inconvenience the furniture in his home caused her, that he acquired her name along with her address and sent her a package with a new evening gown inside. Gatsby also showed his care for others by being kind to strangers regardless of their financial circumstances. For example, even though Nick was not as wealthy as Gatsby was, Gatsby welcomed him with a sincere heart. Along with many other things, he invited Nick to his parties, took him out to lunch, encouraged him to use his beach, and went hydroplaning with him. Also at one of his lavish parities, Gatsby was unexpectedly called to the telephone during a conversation. Instead of rising and hurrying out of the room to answer the call immediately, Gatsby kindly excused himself with polite words and a small bow that included each person he was speaking to in the conversation. Gatsby’s compassion for his guests’ feelings was displayed through his benevolent manner. He cared enough about them to considerately leave the room. However, he was also sensitive to the telephone caller’s feelings and time; he did not keep the person waiting to speak with him on the phone lingering too long. This is yet another example of how Fitzgerald illustrated Gatsby’s truly caring manner. When Gatsby requested that Nick invite Daisy to his home, he knew that he was making use of Nick’s bigheartedness. He did not want to inconvenience him in anyway, so Gatsby sent the servants and gardener from his mansion to prepare Nick’s home. Gatsby was also a very understanding man. He displayed an especially sympathetic attitude, which is an indication of a caring person. For example, when Nick first met Gatsby, he did not realize that the man he was talking to about Gatsby was in fact Gatsby. When Nick found this out, he was rather embarrassed, but Gatsby rid him of his discomfiture with an understanding smile. Nick described it as “one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it” (Fitzgerald 48). Gatsby could have been extremely rude to Nick about the mistake; however he disregarded it and showed his incredibly understanding personality through his smile. A final example of Gatsby’s genuine compassion for others is in how much he cared for and about Daisy. Gatsby sincerely cared so much that he changed his life for her. He went from being a poor farm boy to a wealthy and high-class man, just to have a chance at gaining Daisy’s love. This is true devotion and consideration, which F. Scott Fitzgerald skillfully developed in Gatsby. This development also stretched into giving Gatsby the ability to know how to love.


Gatsby’s knowledge of how to love is another reason Nick was able to confirm his statement that Gatsby turned out all right in the end. Gatsby was so deeply committed to Daisy that he changed himself just so he could have a chance with her. He knew that she was exceedingly wealthy, and this posed a problem. Gatsby did not have a great deal of money, and during the time of the novel, it was unheard-of for an aristocrat to get involved with a poor individual. Consequently, Gatsby used his military uniform to hide his penniless background and worked to gain money so that Daisy would consider him an equal. This shows that Gatsby genuinely knew how to love because he was willing to exert himself to secure it. Gatsby waited for Daisy and followed her social career. This is another indication that he knew how to love because he cherished her enough to stay devoted to her, and only her, even if they were separated. However, Daisy did not wait for him, and after Gatsby discovered that she had needed security and married while he was overseas, “he found that he had committed himself to the following of a grail” (Fitzgerald 14). Gatsby was seeking the inner completeness, just as those in search of the grail were, and he knew that Daisy’s love was the only thing that could provide this wholeness. Comparable to how the grail rested on the peak of a mountain, encircled by water and obstacles that only a select few could overcome, Daisy’s love also rested far away, and there were many hurdles that Gatsby needed to clear in the pursuit of her love. The protection that he offered her is a final and significant example of Gatsby’s true knowledge of how to love. He wanted to keep her from any harm that could come into her life. Gatsby was so devoted to Daisy that he was willing to give up his life to spare her the least amount of pain or suffering. For instance, Gatsby chose to take the blame for the collision between Myrtle and the car that Daisy was driving, which instantaneously caused Myrtle’s death. He was willing to endure any punishment, persecution, or notoriety that came with this liability. He did not wish to see her hurt in any way. Gatsby not only provided mental and emotional protection, but physical protection as well. On the night of the afternoon in which Daisy confessed that she never loved Tom, Gatsby was willing to wait outside Daisy’s house all night to make sure that Tom did not hurt or bother her about the unpleasantness of the day. And even when Nick tried to assure Gatsby that Tom was not even thinking about her, he would not leave. He did not want to put Daisy in any sort of situation where danger could be inflicted on her, even if there was not a threat. This is true passion and devotion, proof that Gatsby knew how to love. Gatsby’s care for others and knowledge of how to love also extended into his finances; having these characteristics, Gatsby openly and freely shared his wealth.


Gatsby’s ability to openly and freely share his wealth was a substantial reason why Nick was able to support his conclusion that Gatsby turned out all right in the end. Gatsby was not selfish with his money; he did not keep it all for his own pleasurable uses. In fact, he expended a great amount of his money for people whom he did not even know. He hosted incessant and extravagant summer parties; he was rarely familiar with any of the guests because they simply invited themselves and were welcomed merely for attending. He wanted people to enjoy themselves in the midst of his prosperity. Thus the food, entertainment, hospitality, and all of the other aspects of Gatsby’s parties were incredibly lavish





Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York�every Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves. . . .


At least once a fortnight a corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough colored lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden. On buffet tables, garnished with glistening hors-d’�uvre, spiced baked hams crowded against salads of harlequin designs and pastry pigs and turkeys bewitched to a dark gold. In the main hall a bar with a real brass rail was set up, and stocked with gins and liquors and with cordials so long forgotten that most of his female guests were too young to know one from another.


By seven o’clock the orchestra has arrived, no thin five-piece affair, but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos, and low and high drums. The last swimmers have come in from the beach now and are dressing up-stairs; the cars from New York are parked five deep in the drive, and already the halls and salons and verandas are gaudy with primary colors, and hair shorn in strange new ways, and shawls beyond the dreams of Castile. The bar is in full swing, and floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside, until the air is alive with chatter and laughter, and casual innuendo and introductions forgotten on the spot, and enthusiastic meetings between women who never knew each other’s names. (Fitzgerald -40)


Gatsby opened his home to his unfamiliar guests and allowed them to eat his food until they were satisfied, drink as much of his liquor as they wished, and dance as long as they desired to the music of the orchestras he provided. This truly illustrates that he was a man who unreservedly shared his wealth. Not only did Gatsby share his wealth through his summer parties, he shared it with those around him everyday. For example, on pages 10 and 10 of his novel, Fitzgerald displayed Gatsby’s daily sharing of wealth by directing it toward the group of people that arrived at his home on horseback. Although the group was rather rude to him, Gatsby still acted politely and exhibited earnest hospitality. He offered them a cigarette or a cigar as well as something to drink; he encouraged them to stay for supper and accepted their self-invitation to come to his next party. Gatsby could have turned the group away; instead, he opened his home and prosperity to them. He also exhibited his free sharing of wealth by offering Nick a side job to help him out with his finances. Gatsby was aware that Nick did not make a great deal of money, and he wanted to lend a hand by sharing some of his assets. The fact that Nick did not have an abundance of riches enabled him to see that Gatsby did not have an aristocratic attitude; this provided support for his claim that Gatsby ended up to be an acceptable individual.


Nick’s statement that Gatsby turned out to be an acceptable individual in the end of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is relevant because Gatsby showed compassion toward other people, understood how to love, and generously shared his wealth. With the various examples Fitzgerald provides throughout the novel, it is effortless to see that Gatsby sincerely cared for other people. This is one rationale that Nick used to support his claim that Gatsby turned out all right. Fitzgerald created Gatsby as a man who truly had a heartfelt knowledge of how to love, and it was through Gatsby’s use of this wisdom that Nick was able to advocate his claim. A final reason he was able to do this was by taking into account Gatsby’s ability to openly and freely share his wealth. This ability showed Nick that Gatsby was not self-centered and only concerned with his own prosperity, but truly altruistic. Whether he was portrayed as altruistic, caring, or loving, I feel that Fitzgerald crafted Gatsby’s character well. He delayed the introduction of most of the information on Gatsby until relatively late in the novel, which helped to shape Gatsby as an individual. I think that Fitzgerald used this method to emphasize the theatrical quality of Gatsbys approach to life, which is an essential part of his personality. Fitzgerald allows Gatsby to literally fashion his own character; he has him change his name, from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby, which represents the recreation of himself. I believe that what gives Gatsby his quality of “greatness” is the gift of self-invention that Fitzgerald skillfully creates in him. I believe that it is this skill is what Fitzgerald used to superbly craft the character of Gatsby.


Works Cited


Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Charles Scribner’s Sons, 15.


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Many say that history repeats itself at some point in time. As people grow up in life, they are taught the history of the world and its inhabitants. In our history, we have seen numerous forms of management amongst the many historic figures that have been pointed out to us. From kings and queens, to generals and entrepreneurs, the world has seen its share of different management. In the United States, powerful management and confidant leadership has helped this country become an independent and thriving entity. Since that time, the management and leadership styles have changed, and many trends have taken place.


Since the creation of the United States, managers and leaders have been a critical part of creating a stronger country. Through great knowledge and experience, leaders in the early armies motivated their soldiers to victory in the countless wars that the United States has faced. With great planning and management styles such as strategic thinking, these leaders persuaded the troops to give their life for their country. But during these times, management was in my opinion, a crude and inhumane practice. The same can be said for the private sector, other than in the military. In the past, wages and benefits were either non-existent or terrible, children used were used for labor, managers and owners were cruel to the workers, and work conditions were unbearable. But fortunately as times changed, so did the management styles and many of the business conduct laws.


Currently, employment and fair treatment laws have change the way organizations do business and treat their employees. The exploitation of child labor has been banned in the United States and so has the use of sweat shops. Managers are no longer allowed to hit or cruelly punish their employees. In private businesses and in the military, the term kindler and gentler has been adapted because of all the right that an employee now has. This has lead to a change in management. The need for more intelligent and quick thinking managers and leaders began to grow. Manager now need to have degrees and have a high level of experience to be considered for a position.


The future holds similar changes for the management groups of the United States and in the rest of the world also. As generations grow, they learn and become experts with the technology of their time. This means, that when they enter the workforce, they may be more knowledgeable on the new technology then their future management. To adjust for this, management will need to keep up to date with the new technology and they will have to have higher levels of education to be able to lead these newer generations of workers. With a higher base of knowledge to start with, managers will most likely be creating more detailed plans and strategies, and they will creating more efficiencies.





In the past, leaders and managers relied on human and animal messengers to pass critical information to other sectors of their business or their troops. This was an extremely long process that required having a lot more competent managers and leaders to do simple jobs. They were based on a large pyramid structure that most likely cost the company large amounts of revenue. With the much advancement in technology, mangers were given tools such as telephones, computers, internet, and faster means of parcel service. With more advancement being created with telecommuting, document exchange, portable communication devices, and various means of transportations, businesses will become more automated. As these businesses begin to become more automated, their sizes will decrease and so will their need for so many managers with in the ranks.


With all the automation and technology decreasing the need for so many mangers and leaders, these businesses will begin to evolve in a flat structure. There will be fewer managers and fewer workers performing the same jobs. These managers will need to be very savvy on the new technology, the automations and they will have to able to efficiently communicate with onsite and telecommuting employees. Manager will also be able to manage employees that are based world-wide. A lot of the conference may in the future be performed via video conferencing.


Currently, most of this change pertains mostly to non-factory, non-hard labor businesses and the military because they are run differently and require the human man-power. But technology will eventually reach these other fields also. Machines and robots with possible artificial intelligence, will replace the human man-power. Managers will now be dealing with the management of these robots or their controllers. Managers and leaders can create strategies and plans in teams and instantly send them to the workers, even world-wide.


Management will see many changes in the way they conduct business. But as many things in life have done, the past may repeat itself and management may see repetition of prior styles and trend. But as for the immediate future, management will molded by the changes of technology and the changes in the economy. References


Management theory, practice, & application. (000-00). University of phoenix. unimodule.


Apollo inc.


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We have highlighted in this report all about Shell’s ‘unethical’ environmental and alleged socially unacceptable practices, in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. But, has Shell recognised its wrongdoings and bad practices and the implications of these actions on the local environment and population?





Over the last eight years, Shell has undergone a massive change in its projected public image. In the last decade Shell was frequently receiving media attention for all the wrong reasons, from Brent Spar to human rights in Nigeria. However, Shell has worked hard to convince the world’s press and governments that it now practices sound social and environmental decisions.


In doing so Shell has internationally committed itself to many, publicly seen as ‘ethical’ ideals. For instance in 15, Shell announced that as an organisation it would practice the idea of ‘Sustained Development’. This is the concept within a business that growth and economic values are based on environmental quality. As a practice, this concept discourages natural resource consumption and high energy use.





Although, this idea at face value is excellent, in that it gives a good framework for environmental decisions, many of the world’s population may not understand what the ideals of sustained development are. As Shell is one of the world’s largest natural resource consumers it is contradictory, as one of its targets for 00 was a % increase in production of oil. Shell met this target by acquiring Enterprise Oil UK. As a concept and ideal, sustained development is there to provide guidelines, as mentioned earlier one of which is to discourage the consumption of natural resources. Shell cannot fully commit to this practice, as its main product is a natural resource. It seems laughable that shell even forwarded the concept in the first place as a basis for their environmental decision making.


If Shell is to practice this ideal successfully then it must actively promote the use of renewable sources of energy. It must be at the forefront of research into developing new sources of energy that won’t have negative impacts on the environment and its occupants. It must learn and be willing to show how to make these sources of energy available to the world’s population in an efficient and economical way.


In society today, concerns for the environment and the rights of workers and many stakeholders, are now being made aware to organisations on a larger and more frequent scale than ever before. It is therefore imperative that new models must be applied, and values and methods changed in order for organisations to deal with these concerns effectively.


In the case of Shell and its wrongdoings in Nigeria, the organisation has viewed the situation from a singular perspective, and that is of financial gain. This drive for profits in this region would have been enhanced as Nigeria as a country was not economically developed. Shell has attempted to abstract itself from the scenario, and distance itself from the controversial issues that have arisen due to the company’s actions in the region.


In distancing itself from the problem, it has led to Shell ‘relying solely on local site managers to sort out problems that are clearly beyond them’. Resolving these problems, experienced international personnel must meet with the local community in the Niger Delta, local site managers and representatives from the local government. Only by doing so can some of the cognitive barriers in place be removed, so that the situation can be dealt with as unique, and not simply one mass of ‘awkward’ information. A meeting such as this would enable quantifiable, measured results to be obtained, and more importantly for the ‘Ogoni’ people changes that they can see and feel, that are beneficial to them.


The demand for oil around the globe is immense and as long as this need is still present, oil companies such as shell will exist. As a result, these companies will still search for areas such as the Niger River Delta and more recently the Tarim Basin in Northwest China to extract their wealth.


In this process, such areas will occasionally suffer from environmental disasters as accidents do and will happen. However many can be prevented by using safe and modern up to date equipment. Many of the 76 oil spills that have happened in Nigeria between 161-1 have occurred on pipes that are almost 0 years old.


In the Shell annual report 00 it stated ‘… to give proper regard to health, safety and the environment consistent with are commitment to contribute to sustainable development’, this indicates that shell obviously understands the requirement of safe equipment. Unfortunately the Ogoni people in Nigeria have suffered an average of 4 oil spills per week on their homeland, often destroying the livelihoods of many a family.


Shell must be more responsive to these disasters in all aspects from cleaning up and returning the environment to it’s a original state, to compensating the local community for any loss or damages they may have incurred due to shells actions. Reaction times from shell must also improve, as in the case of Bernard Agbagwa he reported a spillage on the 8/08/00 and three years later is still waiting for shell to take action. Mr Agbagwa is 0 years old.


So, what can shell do to improve its stance on human rights, its performance concerning this aspect in Nigeria has been well documented. Shell is finally beginning to admit that it has to take action. Sir Phillip Watts has commented on the need for international regulation on corporate social responsibility, so that markets can work properly and meet society’s needs.


In order to help build relations with the Ogoni people Shell must publicly call for and cooperate in, an independent judicial inquiry into the situation in Ogoni, including the role of Shell staff and contractors, as well as the security forces, in past human rights violations. Shell must adopt company policies in support of human rights and establish procedures to ensure that company activities do not result in future human rights abuses





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Giorgio Armani is the one largest Italian designer group. Currently, they hold a billion dollars a year company in the fashion market. Their customers are mostly well-educated and wealthy individuals. Although they are doing pretty well with their current target market, it is not big enough to restore their lost market share. Their new target market will by Generation X (Armani Exchange). This segment is composed of 1% of total US population with annual disposable income of 15 billion per year.





TABLE OF CONTENTS


I. CURRENT MARKETING STRATEGY





A. INITIAL PURPOSE


B. CORE COMPETENCIES


C. CURRENT/POTENTIAL CUSTOMER/PRODUCT


D. KEY MARKET RESEARCH FINDING


II. PRODUCT FEATURES AND BENEFITS


A. PRODUCT POSITIONING


B. PRICING


C. CUSTOMER SERVICE


D. PROFITABILITY


E. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS


F. IMAGE


G. PROMOTIONAL


III. S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS


A. KEY COMPETITORS


B. RELEVANT MACRO ENVIRONMENT


IV. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING, AND POSITIONING


I. SITUATION ANALYSIS & HISTORY


A. INITIAL PURPOSE


“Giorgio Armani began a free-lance design business in 170 with the encouragement of his close friend Sergio Galeotti, and established his own mens wear label in 174. He gradually adapted his designs for women and added the womens wear line in 175, in partnership with Galeotti.?(Krebs, 10-7)


B. CORE COMPETENCIES


There are many core competencies that Giorgio Armani possesses. Its main core competency is its bond with its customers. Being that it is the top Italian fashion designer promotes a strong positive image of its products, because of its product’s quality and the ability to design innovative features quickly.


C. CURRENT/POTENTIAL CUSTOMER/PRODUCT


Giorgio Armani offers a variety of fashion lines with high quality and both custom-made and prete-a-porter. The exclusive lines are


?Armani Alta Moda (haute couture)


?Borgonuovo 1


?Giorgio Armani


?Le Collezioni (diffusion), since 17


?Mani (diffusion)


?Emporio Armani (diffusion, younger customer, worldwide), since 184


?A/X Armani Exchange (basics, United States only)


?Giorgio Armani U.S.A. (lower priced)


?Armani Jeans


?Armani Neve (winter sportswear), since 16


?Armani Golf (sportswear), since 16


?Classico, since 16


D. KEY MARKET RESEARCH FINDINGS


Eg. There are many different types of Armani customers.


Median Age N years


Median household income $K


Median personal income $K


Male N%


Married N% (single N%, widowed /divorced N%)


Household with Children N%


College graduate or some college education N%


II. PRODUCT FEATURES AND BENEFITS


A. PRODUCT POSITIONING


Giorgio Armani’s products are highly positioned. As a high-end fashion group where high dividends come in at an extremely high cost, the wide line of products cover up all niches for the high-end target market.


B. PRICING


The price of Giorgio Armani is not cheap. The suggested retail prices range from about $100 to $100,000.


C. CUSTOMER SERVICE


The fashion shows are held throughout the world are not only for fashion magazines journalists to get together but for customers too. This also enables Armani executives to interact and get suggestion from customers to improve their products.


D. PROFITABILITY


Sales of the Armani-Group in 18 amounted to 540 billion Lira ($1574 million), up 1.4% from 1. Garments accounted for about 1700 billion Lira ($1054 million), and accessories for about 840 billion Lira ($50 million). In 001, the group sales, including sales from licensed products rose to about 500 billion Lira ($. billion). The Armani-Group also includes the Sportswear Company Simint, which handles all of Armanis informal lines. Armani himself holds 5% of the Simint assets. Simint was rated the best performing stock at the Milan exchange, with an annual increase of 1% with respect to the stock price. While Simint produces the Armani Jeans line, the Armani Junior label and the Emporio Armani mens wear, the Emporio womens clothes are produced by the Antinea (sales in 001 00 billion Lira), a 100% Armani offspring. Giorgio Armani S.p.A. develops the Armani labels. In 18, Giorgio Armani S.p.A. showed a 0% growth in sales to 10 billion Lira ($884 million), thus doubling its sales figures of 17. Two years later sales were at 10 billion Lira ($1180 million), increasing another 5% to 400 billion Lira ($1556 million) in 001. Pre-tax profits for the Giorgio Armani S.p.A. marked 650 billion Lira ($4 million). (Krebs, 10-0)


E. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS


“The biggest export market for Armani is the United States, where Armani labels are sold at 1000 points of sale. In 15, Armani had 6 outlets carrying the exclusive Giorgio Armani and Borgonuovo-1 lines. Emporio Armani outlets numbered 11 in 15, with 54 in Italy and in Japan. This figure rose to 145 stores in 001 and is planned to be increased by 8 in the near future. A/X Armani Exchange used to be sold only in the United States. In 14, the A/X-stores were taken over by Club 1 USA, Inc., but continuously struggled to compete with lower-priced competitors like Banana Republic. Today, Armani intends to open up even more A/X-outlets, also introducing them to customers in Asia for the first time. (Krebs, 10-0)


“The first freestanding store for Giorgio Armani’s Mani by Giorgio Armani and Collezioni Giorgio Armani collections has been opened in London.?(Fallon, 11-10-01)


“Collezioni and Mani represent 7 percent of the company’s profits?(Fallon, 11-10-01)


“The London store is owned by Club 1, the retail empire of Christina Ong that owns the Emporio Armani and Giorgio Armani stores in the UK.?(Fallon, 11-10-01)


“The fundamental reason for the opening the Collezioni stores is that we wanted to present this collection of clothing and accessories for men and women together in its own unified space, he said. Collezioni customers are made up primarily of young professionals who often have little at hand to shop. Therefore a store that offers a big variety of compatible, high quality products obviously is very convenient for customers.?(Fallon, 11-10-01)


“The freestanding London store is at 4-44 New Bond Street, near to the new cK Calvin Klein store as well as the upcoming Versace Jeans Couture and Tommy Hilfiger stores. Other designer shops nearby include Polo Ralph Lauren, Emporio Armani and Ermenegildo Zegna.?= Donna Karan (Fallon, 11-10-01)


F. IMAGE


“Armanis fashions have set the tone for a global dressing down. In the corporate America of the late 0th century, he was perhaps the only man who could challenge dress-for-success guru John Molloy and win. And it is from the springboard of Armani designs that fashion will leap into the next century.


If French designer Gabrielle Chanel liberated women from stays and long dresses, it was Armani who offered them professional fashion equality without bending their gender.?Griffin, 5-5-00)


“What made Armani a star among designers was his unpadded, unstructured jacket. At a time when Italian men still were battling a stereotypical greasy image, Armani single-handedly cleaned up the look.?(Griffin, 5-5-00)


“After years of rummaging through 0th-century styles to turn out retro-inspired trends, fashion designers have run smack into the designs most women still have in their closets power suits.?(Griffin, -0-00)


“Now theyve taken a flying leap into the mid-180s, era of the career woman, with strong suits, high heels and pricey accessories.?(Griffin, -0-00)


“Women probably will not be able to recycle whats left in their closets from the 80s, however. Key changes, sometimes ever so slight, make all the difference in the look.?(Griffin, -0-00)


“Next, he translated the jacket for a womans body, then tossed it over easy skirts and trousers. It gave modern woman an alternative to uptight luncheon suits with peplums and stiff fabrics. While the shoulders, lapels, vents, fit, lengths, fabrics and closures _ all the design elements of the jacket _ have changed through the years, the words Armani jacket instantly conjure an image in the minds of the fashion cognoscenti.?(Griffin, 5-5-00)


“There are no warpaint, feathers or beads, but mens clothes tell everyone what tribe theyve in.?Teliga, -5-8)


“EMPORIO ARMANI The less expensive label of the Italian designer Giorgio Armani, renowned for his elegant soft tailoring and deconstruction of the stiff business suit. Colin Bertram, menswear manager, Emporio Armani?(Teliga, -5-8)


“The look For menswear its very straightforward, nothing overtly fashiony yet more body-conscious (this season). It is always Armani so it is always going to be understated.


The customer Anyone between 18 and 70 who is interested in fashion and style but wants to wear the clothes rather than the clothes wearing them. Tends to be an urban customer - advertising executives to merchant bankers.?(Teliga, -5-8)


G. PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS


“The crowning coup of his advertising strategy this sprung will be to underwrite the entire issue of Time Atlantic’s 75th anniversary edition, slated to hit newsstands March and reach more than 65000 readers in Europe, Africa and the Middle East.?(Forden, -0-8)


“This operation is in the Armani tradition of taking dominant or exclusive positions in key issues of important magazines.?(Forden, -0-8)


“Armani appeared on the cover of the magazine in April 18 and aha advertised there over the years to reach a broad readership, particularly men, who are mote difficult to target with traditional positions in fashion magazines.?(Forden, -0-8)


“The Time project is the kingpin in a veritable blitz of ventures across Europe in which Armani is the sole advertiser. Last fall, he took the entire section of The Sunday Times of London. In Italy last month, Armani appeared as the exclusive advertiser in weekly news magazine L’Espresso, Milan financial Il Sole 4 Ore, daily newspaper La Republicca and its weekly weekend magazine D. Armani bought an entire issue of Le Monde last month to the opening of the Emporio Armani boutique and caf?in the legendary Publicis drugstore site on Paris?Left bank.?(Forden, -0-8)


“Time has agreed to send the issue to a VIP list of some 10,000 people, including heads of state in Europe, the Middle East and Africa; chief executives officers of Fortune Global 500 companies; members of the European Parliament, and senior managers across Europe.?(Forden, -0-8)


At the 70th Academy Awards, “Armani dressed Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, Oscar winners for best original screenplay for Good Will Hunting.?(Williams, -5-8)


“Nabbing these two was clearly a coup for Armani. Affleck and Damon could be the Gen X’s version of Paul Newman and Robert Redford.?(Williams, -5-8)


II. S.W.O.T. ANALYSIS


STRENGTHS?Strong positive image of the product ? WEAKNESSES?Inability to access secondary markets.?


OPPORTUNITIES?Aiming for the smallest consumer segment of all- the individual? THREATS?Fashion industry is not a stable market. ?


A. KEY COMPETITORS


Giorgio Armani’s main competitors are Italian and French houses of design.


“He is known as a workaholic, who can sometimes be rude and arrogant. His dislike of fellow Italian designers Gianni Versace and Valentino has recently been suppressed for the benefit of the international press.?(Krebs, 10-7)


“The freestanding London store is at 4-44 New Bond Street, near to the new cK Calvin Klein store as well as the upcoming Versace Jeans Couture and Tommy Hilfiger stores. Other designer shops nearby include Polo Ralph Lauren, Emporio Armani and Ermenegildo Zegna.?= Donna Karan (Fallon, 11-10-7)


“In 14, the A/X-stores were taken over by Club 1 USA, Inc., but continuously struggled to compete with lower-priced competitors like Banana Republic.?(Fallon, 11-10-7)


B. RELEVANT MACRO ENVIRONMENT


“Price has become important in the 17 Italian fashion market. The Italian lira is at a 0% high rate because of its re-entry in Europe’s Exchange Rate Mechanism. Italian consumers have also become value conscious and fashion designers Giorgio Armani and Gianfranco Ferre plan to decrease their prices accordingly. Armani will decrease prices 10% to 0%.?Conti, 1-1-6)


?Italy and the EU partners agreed last month to fix the lira at 0 against the mark ?a rate that is still competitive, but not as much as before?The French, who had lobbied in Brussels last month for an even stronger lira, said their Italian competitors had an unfair edge when it came to exports.?(Conti, 1-1-6)


“In fact, some fashion houses are looking at the bright side of the new lira. Imports such as leather, cotton and silk will cost less, companies will no longer have to play a guessing game about the lira’s exchange rate when they fix their prices for the next year, and the Italian economy as a whole will be perceived as more stable.?(Conti, 1-1-6)


?EU nations taking part in the European Monetary Union, scheduled for Jan. 1, 1.?(Conti, 1-1-6)


IV. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING


MISSION


Eg. Giorgio Armani’s mission is to build a trusting relationship with its business partners.


MARKETING GOALS CONSISTENT WITH MISSION


Eg. The main marketing goal of Giorgio Armani is spreading. In order to support their mission, they need to achieve the following satisfy customer desires, strengthen their relationships with customers, and improve the quality of their designs as well as keeping up with the increasing demand.


“With a group of well-diversified customers, Giorgio Armani has a highly differentiated market segment. Each product is designed according to the needs and desire of their customers, in order to fit them within their segments.


Armani wants to expand the number of his stores significantly. Most visibly, he opened up two huge flagship stores in New York City on Madison Avenue, one for the top line and one for Emporio Armani. Armani seemingly pursues the establishment of a lifestyle brand Armani. This movement is reflected in the various attempts to offer a wide variety of products under the Armani-label. Such as the in 16 introduced Armani Neve winter sportswear line, the Armani Golf sportswear line (both produced previously by Skinea and now by Simint), and the introduction of custom-made bridal gowns, as part of the Borgonuovo-1 line. Also, Classico, a new luxurious and costly line for men and women will be introduced. Here, Armani wants to offer modern interpretations of classic designs. In addition, Armani sells a wide range of home accessories under the Emporio Armani-label. In 17, the first Armani Jeans store in Rome, Italy also included a Armani book shop, selling publications about various artistic subjects, like fashion and photography.?(Krebs, 10-7)


“Top Italian fashion houses plan to expand sales and distribution by moving into secondary markets outside of the key fashion centers. Giorgio Armani and Versace, for example, plan to open boutiques in cities to sell toned-down fashions priced 0% to 40% less than their top lines.?Forden, -4-8)


“Many of Italy’s major apparel houses are working on ways to further penetrate their traditional markets in Europe and the US by moving into secondary cities.?(Forden, -4-8)


“It also means they can achieve a more capillary penetration in areas where the top collection can’t go.?(Forden, -4-8)


PRICING


Eg. When considering what pricing strategy to use, there were several steps that needed to be followed in order to come up with a price that would satisfy both the target market and Armani itself. When identifying pricing constrains, I took into consideration that there is an increasing demand for Armani cloths.


DISTRIBUTION


Eg. Giorgio Armani has an indirect channel distribution where licensed dealers act as the intermediary between the manufacturer and its customers.


PROMOTION


Traditionally, Giorgio Armani has somewhat only used traditional advertising to market their lines. This would reach only a selected group of customers, mainly those who are very enthusiastic about fashion. The goal is to target a whole new segment of possible fashion enthusiasts, Generation X. To do this they need to change the way they have been advertising their products.


Armani has rarely used television and radio for promoting their products. I agree in continuing with that concept, to an extent. In targeting the generation X, they need to find a medium which the Xers use frequently. Television is the biggest medium for this group. However because Armani should not lose their mysterious image, they should not use commercials. Instead they should use a more “slick?way. I thought about using prime stars from TV shows such as “Friends? “Seinfield? and “ER?those that generation X watches, to project the “ideal?Armani image. The popularity of the shows and the role that these shows play in shaping the lives of people is tremendous. Xers identify themselves with the people that they see on television. The actors have made certain hairstyles popular, and even the type of clothes they wear popular. Therefore, by having the cast wearing their designs in the shows, should encourage Xers to want to own a Harley too.


The other medium is magazines. The magazines that I would use to target this segment are Sports Illustrated, GQ, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, Business Week and so on.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


Krebs, Jost Giorgio Armani. Hyper Fashion - October 17 Ed. http//www.unibw-muenchen.de/campus/WOW/v1041/hyper/armani.html


Conti, Samantha GFT license for Armani women’s lines not settled. WWD - April , 17. v17 n78 p17 (1)


Daily News Record, Armani, GFT weigh name change for NY-based unit.- Sara Gay Forden, July 16th , 17. v7 n85 p15 (1)


WWD, Armani, GFT weigh new name for Giorgio Armani Fashion Corp.-Sara Gay Forden, July 15th, 17. v174 n10 p1(1)


WWD, It’s time for Armani ad blitz.- Sara Gay Forden, Feb. 0th, 18. v175 n p1(1).


Daily News Record, New Sunshine Boys, The, Stan Williams.-March 5, 18. n6 p8 (1)


Houston Chronicle, Accent Armani The man behind the jacket, Linda GillanGriffin. May 5,17. p.


Houston Chronicle, Welcome back WONDER WOMAN.-Linda Gillan Griffin. March 0, 7. p1


Sydney Morning Herald. Tribes Man. Jane De Teliga. Feb.5, 7. p1


WWD. Italian’s far-reaching plans.-Sara Gay Forden. Feb. 4, 18. v175 n5 p4B


Daily News Record London store sets new marketing direction for Armani; first freestanding unit for Collezioni and Mani collections. James Fallon. Nov. 10, 17. V7 n15 p


WWD Italian fashion houses beset by higher lira, tight-fisted shopper. Samantha Conti, Dec. 1, 16. v17 n1 p1.


C. HISTORY


Late events “Giorgio Armani Fashion Corp (Armani USA) is entirely controlled by GFT, as well as the overseas distribution of the men’s and women’s diffusion collections, Giorgio Armani Le Collezioni, and the men’s bridge line, Mani.?(Forden, 7-16-7)


“Turin based GFT, also manufactures for Valentino, Calvin Klein, Emanuel Ungaro, Joseph Abboud and Nino Cerruti, among others.?(Forden, 7-16-7)


“The Giorgio Armani business represents around $64 million of GFT’s total sales. GFT’s US Armani business totals around $185 million.?(Forden, 7-15-7)


“Talks of the change comes when the industry is rife with speculation over the future of Armani’s women’s license with GFT, which has been up for renewal since March 17.?(Forden, 7-15-7) As rumors indicate, “Armani was beefing up capacity at Antinea, his directly owned manufacturer. The facility currently produces the Emporio Armani collection and there is speculation that it could also take on production of the women’s diffusion collection next year.?(Forden, 7-15-7)


“GFT managing director, .., announced the formation of Gruppo Industriale Marzotto, which will be GFT’s new parent company.?(Conti, 4--7)


GIM (Gruppo Industiale Marotto), was “created from the fusion of HPI - - an industrial holding that contains GFT and Fila - - and Marotto.?(Conti, 4--7)


“Armani is GFT’s most important licensee.?(Conti, 4--7)


“The main Armani lines are produced by Italys largest manufacturer of designer garments, Gruppo GFT. Armani garments account for about 0% of GFT sales and are therefore GFTs most important license. In 14, Armani tried to take over GFT with the help of American investors, presumably to help out Armanis sportswear affiliate, Simint, which had gotten into financial trouble at the time. Simint is now recovering, after cutting its staff, changing its distribution structure, and concentrating its production in Italy. An economic turnaround could be achieved, which resulted in 15/16 in sales of 55 billion Lira ($160 million) and turning a loss of 4 billion Lira ($16 million) in the previous year to a net profit 5.4 billion Lira ($.5 million). Sales for the fiscal year 16/17 are expected to be 180 billion Lira ($117 million). Armani is said to be interested in expanding his own production capabilities. For that purpose, Armani is expected either to shift the production of his main lines from GFT to Simint or Antinea or he might take over stock from GFT, who are expected to make such an offer in order to keep their most profitable client.?(Krebs, 10-7)





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Henrik (Johan) Ibsen (188-106) was born at Skien, a small lumbering town of southern Norway. His father was a well-known general merchant in the community until 186, when he suffered the horrible disgrace of going bankrupt.(Ibsen, 8) As a result, he sank into more debt and the family suffered. There was no redeeming the family misfortunes; as soon as he could, aged just 15, Henrik moved to Grimstad. It was there that he began to write. He supported himself meagerly as an apothecarys apprentice while studying nights for admission to the university. As he waited patiently he began to write plays. It was from this first writing that he began a career that would carry him through the nineteenth century and into today.


Writers are often called names. Some of these names aren’t so nice. To be called “the father” of something can only mean that you must have what it takes in your writing to define the very term that you are being associated with. Joan Gassner has decided that Henrik Ibsen is “the father of modern drama”.(Gassner, 1) But is this title worthy? What is it about Ibsen’s work that seems to fit so well into this mold? Also, why is Ibsen so closely tied to realism? These are questions that I hope to answer in the following text. So to begin, we must first define what is realism?


From 185 to 100 most of the plays that were being produced were melodramas, spectacle plays, comic operas and vaudevilles. (Wilson, 7). The theatre was alive and well and was taking many different forms. And then something happened. Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species in 185 and began to stir up the scientific community. Darwin believed that people were controlled by heredity and environment and that most of human behavior was out of our control. For the first time people were beginning question the origins of man. There were more questions than answers. August Comte, a prominent sociologist developed a theory known as Positivism, which was based on cause and effect. This was another principle that had not really been looked upon at the time. This was beginning to influence those people in the philosophy community. Karl Marx was teaching a new brand of political philosophy that stressed equality in wealth. The atmosphere was just right for a new kind of theatre.


Realism, in its most basic form, attempts to create the illusion of everyday life onstage (Wilson, 7). Even thought the audience knows that they are watching a play, the actors onstage present a very pure form of theatre. There are actions and reactions that create a cause and effect relationship between the characters. It’s not abstract or absurd, but very linear and scientific. It may seem to some that all theatre is real, but this is was not the case at the time. Melodramas and spectacle plays were “bigger than life” and therefore were not very realistic. This was a new era for theatre and Henrik Ibsen used this principle in most of his work. There were other writers that used realism at the time.





Emile Augier(180-188) wrote plays about contemporary conditions and Alexandre Dumas fils was writing “thesis plays” about some of the social problems at the time. Ibsen is recognized as a pillar of the realism movement because every one of his plays is a model to some degree of realism.(Johnston, )


In 1881 he wrote Ghosts which deals with the sins of the father that are transferred to the son in the form of syphilis. This was the first time that such a secretive subject had been presented to the public. Pillars of Society deals with the concept of war and business, and A Doll’s House the main female character leaves her family at the end of the play to pursue a new life. All of these plays deal with human nature and contemporary theatre students often analyze their content. They offer us a glimpse of the very reality that became a halmark of Ibsens work.


One of the most important differences from Ibsens plays and the plays that proceeded him was the way that Ibsen treated the inner “secret lives” of some of the characters. (Ibsen, 11). The effects that Ibsen created were not based on most of the ordinary dramatic action. Ibsen wanted to expose the secret inner lives of the characters. He wanted the audience to see the very things that are often hidden by people in everyday life. One critic wrote that Ibsens work is a “drama of the mind”(Ibsen, 1) Much like an iceberg, the largest portion of the story remains unseen by the naked eye. You have to dig really deep to get all the meaning that is found in an Ibsen play. Everything has a story that needs to be told. Ibsen felt that the actors must sustain a consistent, unbroken line of thought. This makes some of his plays seem very intense. The characters are very focused. Stanislavski would of agreed to the acting style that Ibsen preferred for his actors. He felt they should mirror the actions of humans and should create the illusion of reality on the stage.


One of Ibsen’s best examples of realism is in the play A Doll’s House. Even the title of the play gives us an example of some of the symbolism that he used throughout his work. There weren’t many things that Ibsen found worthy of imitation.(Lebowitz, ) In A Doll’s House Ibsen shows the audience the spiritual awakening of Torvald, the husband and Nora his wife. Both of the characters live in a false reality. Everything in the first scene seems perfect. The way they talk to one another and there actions tell the story of the perfect couple. As the play moves forward we begin to see that although Nora seems to have it all, in reality she is not happy with her situation. She is a woman that is trapped in this doll’s house that her husband has created. There is a lot of shock value in the last scene. Nora says goodbye to her family and all she has known and leaves the “Doll’s House”. Audiences at the time were so shocked that they erupted at the end of the play (Goldman,15). It is not as shocking now, but at the time it was just unheard of for a woman to leave her family. This play represents many different facets of realism. It is a tribute to all that is wrong with some relationships. What makes the play work is the dialog. You learn a great deal about the two main characters from the things that they say. There is nothing new about the problems that are presented, but it was new to present them so openly. There is a definite cause and effect relationship in most of Ibsens work. A problem is presented and worked through.


Ghosts also caused quit a bit of furor. There was much criticism at the initial presentation in 181. On critic called the piece “an open drain; a loathsome sore unbandaged; a dirty act done publicly”. And more attacks came even years after the play was produced. Why did Ibsen’s plays create so much controversy? What about his work made people stand up and yell?


Ibsen was very open about how he wrote. He repeatedly spoke of his main purpose in writing dramatic dialog was to make it “completely faithful and realistic” (Ibsen, 0) This is what made Ibsen’s work seem so shocking. Ibsen tended to start with a theoretical problem or a theme. After this he would begin to shape the raw material into actions and visual symbolism. His characters are very gritty and I think that he showed us what was behind some of the masks that we wear in everyday life. Perhaps people at the time were just not ready to see what they already knew existed. Life is not one big happy play, and although we all may play a part, the story is often a tragedy.


Drama is “ a series of real events having dramatic unity and interest.” It also means to do or to act. In a dramatic piece the characters are interacting with each other as they work towards developing the plot. There are also many different types of dramas. Man versus nature. Man versus himself. Good versus evil. With a good drama the audience suspends their disbelief and the true magic of theatre happens. Henrik Ibsen was great in writing this kind of drama. His characters are full of life and vitality. The words seem to bring the characters to life and the problems seem very real.


Ibsen wrote An Enemy of the People as a direct response to some of the critisims that he had recieved from Ghosts. (Ibsen, ) In a letter to his publisher he wrote “I have enjoyed writing this play...” An Enemy of the People has always been one of his more popular plays and often finds it’s way into the readings in college theatre classes. It was immediately produced in Scandinavia and Germany. It has also remained very popular in England. It is another tale of lies and deceit and how they play a part in our everyday lives.


The Wild Duck was produced in 1884 and it illustrates many of the techniques used by Ibsen. It was a reproduction of the actions of middle and lower class people. Once again Ibsen turned for the common man for entertainment. Ibsen, in the dialog, abandoned some of his older asides and soliloquies. Instead the characters reveal themselves as they would in life with indirect statements (Brockett, 15). As Ibsen got older he used this technique more and more. He liked The Wild Duck and in a letter to his publisher Ibsen wrote “For the last four months I have worked at it every day and it is not without a certain feeling of regret that I part from it.” This has remained one of theatre student’s favorite plays.


In Rosmersholm, Ibsens next play, her created one of the most provocative and dramatic female characters-Rebekka West. The play is packed with hidden forces, statements and shadowy characters that seem to shift before our eyes (Ibsen, 0). It also has a lot of meaning in it. Like most of Ibsen’s plays there are undertones, lies, and exposure. Some critics have compared it to Macbeth because of its structure. It was also popular at the time of its release.


Ibsen went on to produce The Lady from the Sea, Hedda Gabler, and The Master Builder. Of these three plays many believe The Master Builder to be the most timeless. IT could have been produced 50 years ago or ten. When he was writing this play he was just getting over an Austrian girl that he had spent a year with. There is also a great deal of Ibsen himself in the character Solness,. This was his most autobiographical writings and you can learn a lot about Ibsen just by listening to the characters in this play.


Like all great artists, Ibsen was a man with a thousand faces. He was very complex and although a lot of people knew him, only his wife understood him fully. He had as many secrets as some of his finest characters. In a speech to students at Oslo in 1874 Ibsen made a very important and revealing statement “All I have written...I have mentally lived through. Partly I have written on that which only by glimpses, and at my best moments I have felt stirring vividly within me as something great and beautiful.” (Ibsen, 1)


Ibsen’s work is great and it is beautiful. He produced a total of 1 plays during his lifetime. He should be known as the “father of realism”. His work in this field and his approach to theatre mirror the very essence of this art form.


In realism, as discussed earlier, the artist attempts to create “the illusion of everyday life onstage”. Ibsen’s plays do this and they do it in a way that is natural. From A Doll’s House to An Enemy of the People Ibsen explores those inner secrets and the hidden desires of characters. The plays reveal the more secretive side to life. If Darwin stirred up the scientific community by asking them to change there perception of humanity then Ibsen did the same with the artistic community. Positivism was teaching a cause and effect relationship and Ibsen was showing it onstage. Marx was preaching about equality in wealth and Ibsen was showing us the lower and middle classes. I feel that Ibsen used realism to create the illusion of reality. Because reality is so harsh we have to understand that it is only a play, but we are left to ponder the difference between our own lives and the characters on stage. This is what realism is all about. It makes us ask ourselves what is the true drama in life. Why is fact stranger then fiction? Why do people enjoy watching other people so much?


Ibsen answered all of these questions at some time or another in his work and we have him to thank for his contribution. Although Henrik Ibsen was never fully appreciated during his lifetime, he has since come to be recognized as one of the great dramatists of all time and the Father of Modern Drama. His plays will continue to find their ways into the hands of young theatre students and teachers a like. His work will live on and continues to thrive in theatres across the country.


Works Cited


Ibsen, Henrik. Eight Plays by Henrik Ibsen. Trans. Eva Le Gallienne. New York Modern Library, 151.


Wilson, Edwin. Living Theater An Introduction to Theater History. New York McGraw-Hill, 18.


Brockett, Oscar G. Plays for the Theatre. Second Ed. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 174


Lyons, Charles R. Critical Essays on Henrik Ibsen. Boston G. K. Hall, 187.


Lebowitz, Naomi. Ibsen and the Great World. London Louisiana State Press, 10.


Goldman, Michael. Ibsen The Dramaturgy of Fear. New York Columbia University Press, 1.


Johnston, Brian. Realism and A Doll’s House. Retreaved May 8th from http//ibsenvoyages.com.00


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Creating and Sustaining a Healthy Organizational Culture


All organizations have a work culture made up of unspoken values, customs, and practices. To run an effective business, a healthy organizational culture is necessary for the leadership to ensure everyone knows he or she is running a healthy organization. Leaders know the importance of the workplace culture and to successfully guide one, they must issue a written statement of the core values and policies and procedures to deal with specific instructions how the work is to be done, that convey the company’s vision. At “You Name It,” the corporate values are to operate in accordance with the highest standards in all relationships with customers, suppliers, environment, and the community (Dessler, 00).


There are two different leadership styles our company has chosen with the goal to create a healthy organizational culture. The styles of leadership are task-centered and considerate. Task oriented emphasis to employees the need to understand what is expected and how their contribution fits into the company’s goal of servicing our customers effectively. Considerate leaders develop trust, build teamwork, and help employees with problems. Combining both styles will keep us focused on our goal in offering excellent service to the clients and at the same time allow latitude without loosing focus of the organization’s values (Dessler, 00).


Leaders influence the workplace culture by the shadow they cast; who they are and how they behave speaks louder than words. To sustain the right corporate culture the leaders must reflect the company’s values, and set the standards because healthy organizations attract productive employees, and productive employees help build a successful organization (Dessler, 00).





do not have one.


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The following conversation takes place in July of 167, a month before Anne Hutchinson was put into trial. John Winthrop, governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, has called a conference to discuss Hutchinson’s teachings at the courthouse.


Mr. Winthrop I have called you here in this room today to discuss your troubled behavior and actions that have negatively influenced the commonwealth and the churches here. What you have done is not tolerable in the sight of God.


Mrs. Hutchinson Yes, you have called me here and I am here. But what have I done wrong, Mr. Governor?


Mr. Winthrop Please, I do not like to repeat myself. We both know very well what you have done here in Massachusetts Bay.





Mrs. Hutchinson I am living my freedom of religion in America that is all I know and, that is all I have done. I don’t suppose there is anything wrong with that?


Mr. Winthrop That is where you are definitely wrong. Freedom of religion does not consist of a married woman holding sermons in her own home. Preaching is a minister’s job and is not fitting for someone of your sex. You are a woman and you are only supposed to be maintaining your household for your husband.


Mrs. Hutchinson Yes, I am a woman and I know that very well. However, just because I am a woman you think I am my husband’s property, and my only right is to do what he tells me to. Is that right, Sir?


Mr. Winthrop Yes, I could not have said it better myself.


Mrs. Hutchinson Now how can my only right be to obey my husband when I have to care for my son’s knowledge in school, manage our life savings, and hand make most of the supplies we use at home. I have all the said responsibilities in the household and yet I get nothing in return. Now any person with common sense would see that as being very corrupt.


Mr. Winthrop Well, Mrs. Hutchinson you don’t have a choice. Those are the laws of Massachusetts, and according to it, many women are to give up everything to her husband and devote her self to managing his household. I highly support that law and everyone in Massachusetts must abide by it.


Mrs. Hutchinson I will continue to strive for the equality between husband and wife. I care not for what the law says or what you say.


Mr. Winthrop (shows disrespect by not responding) Now lets move on to your sermons that have humiliated the ministers and their ministry in this country. You ridiculously claim that interpretation of the Bible by ministers and priests is not needed. Is that right, Mrs. Hutchinson?


Mrs. Hutchinson Yes, because there is no use to be in heaven with God if a person is unable to read the Bible and understand its morals in their own way. And how can we be certain of what the ministers preach? After all, anyone can just preach.


Mr. Winthrop Your way of thinking has no sense. Do you not recall that the ministers and priests are workers God? I absolutely know that they are the people who understand the Bible the best. They sleep with it, they eat with it, they go everywhere with it!


Mrs. Hutchinson If you, Mr. Governor, say so.


Mr. Winthrop I hope that is a promise that you will discontinue holding sermons in your own home.


Mrs. Hutchinson Never! I refuse to obey that demand. I vow that I will continue to preach the Bible my own way and in my own home.


Mr. Winthrop Your preposterous ideas are a danger to all of mankind. Can you imagine what would happen if every person in Massachusetts Bay decided to follow your way of the Bible? We would no longer have unity because new religions would be created. And may I remind you that you have a trail scheduled a month from today. You are only leaving a bad impression on yourself, Mrs. Hutchinson.


Mrs. Hutchinson I have no care for the upcoming trail. All that I am concerned with are my own beliefs in Christ. And I also believe that all people are united and justified to Christ from the very beginning, and it is always possible without faith. We don’t even have to commit to all the driven duties of holiness.


Mr. Winthrop How dare you commit to such a lie! Unity with Christ is not possible without believing in God. Everyone understands and lives up to that with the duties of holiness.


Mrs. Hutchinson Your argument will not stand. If believers just accept that Christ is their savior and that he willingly died for their sins, then they will be united and justified to Christ. That is all it takes.


Mr. Winthrop That cannot be. Just the acceptance of Christ’s death will not last in a person’s mind. My people must always have faith in Christ and that faith must be reminded with the duties of holiness; work hard, pray to the Lord every day, and attend church every Sunday.


Mrs. Hutchinson I cannot adjust to those strict sets of rules.


Mr. Winthrop Well we all must follow the duties because of our social contract with God. He has allowed us to enjoy the civil liberties while in return we must submit to the rule of God. How can you even consider those as strict rules when all of man is naturally so evil?


Mrs. Hutchinson Evil?


Mr. Winthrop Yes, evil. I believe that man will always think of self-advancement before anything else in any given situation. Men are like animals that will stop at nothing to obtain the chance for infinite power, wealth, and respect.


Mrs. Hutchinson But what you have mentioned is only sinning. I believe that it is only a worshipper’s activity to sin because as I had said before, Christ died for our sins.


Mr. Winthrop So I ask you, if you were able to kill me now so that you can practice your own beliefs, would you do it?


Mrs. Hutchinson Yes. I would do it for my beliefs. I will sin for my beliefs.


Mr. Winthrop At this point I have to say that my time is up. I have a meeting with the men of the court. Mrs. Hutchinson, if you are willing to withdraw all that you have said in which has harmed the church and the government, I will ease the tensions at the trial.


Mrs. Hutchinson Why do you bring the trail up again? Are you afraid I will hold the advantage even when I won’t have a lawyer to represent me?


Mr. Winthrop It will be then. On the fourth of November of 167 you will be trailed at the Court of Newton.


Mrs. Hutchinson I will be there, Good day to you Mr. Governor.


In early November of 167, Anne Hutchinson was tried at the court of Newton on the charge with humiliating ministers and their ministry in America. She stood trial alone with no lawyer to defend her. She defended herself against a group of powerful and well-educated men, and John Winthrop was among those men. In the end, the verdict was against her. Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts Bay. She was not successful in changing the laws of her time, but her brave actions cemented the foundation for an America in which religious freedom was possible. After Hutchinson’s banishment, religious freedom grew and when the colonies won their freedom from Great Britain, the new leaders of the United States of America put religious freedom in writing. Amendment I stated that, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of.”





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Adrienne Rich’s Rape Have you ever been in a situation where you had something horrible happen in your life that you needed to do something about, but in order to do something about it, you had to confront the problem and that caused you pain and more troubles? I believe that to be the underlying conflict in Adrienne Rich’s


Rape. The main character who the speaker is talking to first is a woman who has been sexually violated. She is a victim of a heinous and very private, embarrassing crime. The officer that she has reported her situation to is a policeman who patrols her area and who her family knows and trust. Her family is very close to this officer, for he comes from your block, grew up with your brothers.() She doesn’t know him that well though, which makes her telling him about the incident that much more painful and uncomfortable. She gives him all the details of the crime and about her assailant. She has the idea that the cop may have been her rapist. The woman has a certain bit of suspicion about the officer, but she is not sure. Rape is a poem about a woman who is reporting a case of rape to a policeman who may just be the criminal responsible for the offense himself. The violated woman isn’t convinced that the policeman is the rapist, but the speaker defiantly suspects him. The rape victim knows very little about the criminal in question, so the speaker tells the reader about the incident, the evidence, and about enough facts to let them come up with there own suspect. The first statement made by the speaker is There is a cop who is both prowler and father.(1) When he says prowler the reader automatically considers the officer to be a suspect, even before any background is given on him. This is a very important line in the poem. It expresses that the policeman is both a prowler and a father figure. He is suppose to be an ally against crime and problems on his beat. The role of a policeman is to protect the innocent from criminals and evils. But who protects you when officers of the law are corrupt and are involved in unlawful actions? There is also another line in this paragraph that the reader could interpret to be incriminating. The speaker says the You hardly know him in his boots and silver badge, on horseback, one hand touching his gun.(4-5) Since she doesn’t know him that well anyway, maybe instead of seeing him as an officer of the law, she sees him as her assailant. The middle few stanza get a little more confusing. The second stanza tells of how intimidating and powerful the policeman is. The third stanza is where the woman takes her problems and concerns to the officer. The forth stanza is quite intriguing. It starts off with a description the cop’s eyes, a very soothing image. Its the last verse of this stanza that takes a turn of suspicion against the officer. The thought of the the hysteria in your voice pleases him best(0) makes the reader believe that he is the rapist, a person who would enjoy such a thing. The last stanza contains some good closing thoughts. It is also interesting because it sounds like the speaker changes who he is addressing. This is obvious in the first line of this stanza when the speaker says He has access to the machinery that could get you put away.(6) The woman wouldn’t get put away, for she hasn’t done anything wrong. The speaker is now talking to the rapist. The speaker later talks about what the rapist says as being like a portrait of your confessor.() In these latter moments of this poem, maybe the woman is unsure of who violated her. Rape, by Adrienne Rich, is a poem about a woman who was violated. At first the reader suspects the policeman as her rapist, then it seems like she suspects someone else. After writing this paper, I come up with another possible theory. I believe that no one she knows is her rapist, she just sees all males as possible rapist and feels scared and threatened by them.








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At last, by gaining the experience in information technology and business administration I will be able to pursuit my dream. My dream of opening up my own auto parts business in Puerto Rico. In Puerto Rico, there are companies like Advance Auto Parts and Pep Boys, but they are have only concentrated in the major cities. Puerto Rico is a super town country. My objective is to establish my auto parts business towards the smaller towns of Puerto Rico, which are located in the middle of the island. I have made these decisions because I grew up around that area. I remembered how inconvenient was to the people get the appropriate parts, accessories, and tools that they needed to get the job done. The opportunity is there, and I will take advantage of it.


In conclusion, I am visualizing myself after two years with a bachelor’s degree in business administration. I have a goal to graduate and work for the largest company in the auto parts industry to gain my experience. Then I want to inaugurate my own auto parts store in Puerto Rico. I will stay focus to pursuit my dreaknowledge I need in information technology. The reason being is that information technology has taken the world of business to a whole new level of professionalism, more profitable, and betters decision making in any industry. In the industry of the auto parts the information technology plays an extremely important role. For this purpose, I would love to finish my degree in information technology. Thereafter, I want to work in Auto Zone’s management of information technology department. By combining information technology and business administration they would help myself in both areas and make my job easier for me to eventually open up my own auto parts business.


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If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Managing INNOVATION BEYOND EFFECTIVENESS. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Managing INNOVATION BEYOND EFFECTIVENESS paper right on time.

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This article describes how an organization can


promote or discourage innovation. It depicts how


establishing an environment that procreates new ideas


and implementing them, enables a company to achieve





strategic goals. It states that laying the groundwork


for innovation is the initial stage in creating this


type of environment. It further notes that friction


will be created in the foundation. Therefore,


managing conflicts is the significant part of achieving


the strategic goals.


The article discloses how laying the groundwork is


an instrumental part of innovation. The first hurdle to


cross in innovation is getting past the thought of one


person working alone can generate creativity and


inspiration. In today’s environment, this type of


thought hampers innovation. The article states that


forming teams is a good way of laying the foundation


because highly innovative people will usually have many


perspectives on problem solving. Groups will collect


great ideas and combine them in an unusual way. The


different thinking styles of the group generally


contribute to the ability of thinking outside of the


box. successful groups are formed of people with


diverse backgrounds, which have the ability to create


friction.





Once the teams based on differences are formed, the


act of managing conflicts for innovation is then


introduced. This part of the innovation process is


extremely important because groups with diverse


backgrounds usually result I friction. However,


friction does not have to be a bad thing. In fact, it


can help an organization stay on the cutting edge


of its industry. Nonetheless, what is required is


channeling that friction in the right direction to fuel


an organizations innovation. Having many topics is one


way of managing conflicts because it generates


discussion and produces original ideas. Leadership


style is another way of managing conflicts. It is noted


that leaders with a command and control style usually


make team members feel powerless. This style is


ineffective because energy is diverted to power


struggles and attaining personal goals instead of


achieving a common goal. The best style of leadership,


as depicted by the writer, in an innovative culture is


one that creates a balance of power. It is understood


that the ultimate decision lies with the CEO, however


each member of the management team is responsible for


defined areas. This style keeps all the members


involved and committed to the common goal.





An organization with an innovative culture in


today’s market place is usually successful. It


incorporates all the members of the team. It gives them


the sense of being listen to and belonging. Once the


foundation is laid, an atmosphere of friction is


generally created. It is then important for the


organization to manage the friction for innovation.


Successfully managing it can create an excitement of an


effective innovated organization.





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