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.1 Chemical Elements and Water
• The three commonest chemical elements of life are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are part of all the main organic compounds in living organisms.
• Other elements are also needed by living organisms including nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium.
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Element Role in plants or animals
Nitrogen Part of the amine groups of amino acids and therefore proteins.
Calcium Needed to male the mineral tat strengthens bones and teeth.
Phosphorus Part of the phosphate groups in ATP and DNA molecules.
Iron Needed to make hemoglobin and thus to carry oxygen in blood
Sodium Used in neurons (nerve cells) for the transmission of nerve impulses.
• An atom is a single particle of a chemical element. It has uncharged particles. An ion is an atom that either gains or loses electrons. It has charged particles are either positive or negative. E.g. if a sodium atom (Na) loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ion (Na+).
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The Properties of Water
Name of the property Outline of the property Significance of the property to living organisms
Transparency Light can pass through water. Light can reach structures inside living organisms such as chloroplast in plant cells and the retina in the human eye. It can also reach organism that use freshwater or seawater as their habitat.
Cohesion Water molecule stick to each other because of the hydrogen bonds that form between them. Light can pass through water.
Solvent properties Many different substances dissolve in water because of its polarity. Inorganic particles such as sodium ions and organic substances such as glucose can dissolve. Solvent properties of water allow many substances to be carried dissolved in water in the blood of animal and the sap of plants.
Heat capacity
Boiling points and freezing points Water has a large heat capacity. This means that large amounts of energy are needed to raise its temperature. The energy is needed to break some of tits bonds. This heat energy is given out again when the water is cooled.
The boiling point of water (100 C) is relatively high, because, to change it from liquid to a gas, all of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules have to be broken.
Water also freezes at a relatively high temperature, but because it becomes less dense as it cools to freezing point, ice forms at the surface first.
The temperature of water tends to remain quite stable. This is useful for organisms such as fish that use water as a habitat. Blood, which is mainly composed of water, can carry hear from warmer parts of the body to cooler parts.
In natural habitats on Earth, water rarely boils. Living organisms could not survive if the water inside them boiled.
The ice that forms on the surface of lakes or seas insulates the water underneath, so living organisms can survive there.
Cooling effect of evaporation Water can evaporate at temperatures below boiling point. Hydrogen bonds have to be broken to do this. The heat energy needed to break the bonds is taken from the liquid water, cooling it down. Evaporation of water from plant leaves (transpiration) and from the human skin (sweat) has useful cooling effects.
• Coolant – thermal properties
• Transport medium – cohesion, solvent properties and thermal properties.
• Habitat – cohesion and thermal properties.
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