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The Hitler Youth (HJ) movement began in 16 and the League of German Maidens (BDM) was started in 10. These two groups were the youth group options for young adults ages 14-18 to join. Each group had divisions for younger children since Hitler wanted to ensure that all children were directly involved with his efforts to create his superior German race. In order for a child to join these groups they needed to possess much more than a love for their country. Children, like couples who wish to marry, had to undergo extensive medical exams to gain admittance into the groups. In addition, each person needed to prove their true German blood by tracing back their lineage as far as they could. Obviously no one with any Jewish blood was allowed to infiltrate the group. These extensive tests kept many children from joining the youth movement, which at the time was one of the only groups which offered any kind of outing events. In fact by the end of 1 if young adults wished to join any youth groups, their only legal option was the Hitler Youth, because all other groups had been banned from existence. The Hitler Youth gave children and young adults plenty of options for leadership and time to socialize.
Despite the apparent equality of the two youth groups, there were many differences between the way the boys and girls youth groups were operated. The HJ mainly taught boys to be aggressive. Training included wrestling matches between the boys, as well as field combat tests, in order to prove how manly each boy was. They participated in paramilitary drills, went on marches, weekend outings. The aim of these activities was to develop a strong sense of camaraderie within the group. The boys sang songs to promote a sense of national pride and create devotion to Hitler. They also participated in daily rituals in order to teach them discipline and respect. In fact, the boys were trained to believe in unquestioning loyalty, brutality, and toughness of viewpoint. The HJ boys learned to pick on the weaker males within each division. If a boy lost a wrestling match or did not excel at the field combat drill they were picked on mercilessly. These weaker boys faced beatings on an almost nightly basis.
Just as contradictions existed in Hitlers treatment of women so did they exist in his Hitler Youth program. He expressly forbid homosexuality as a whole, yet homosexual acts were rampant in his HJ camps. There are reports that the older sexually developed boys would molest the weaker boys and take turns raping them. What else could one expect with boys being separated from girls while they began to have their first inklings of sexual desire? Not only was this an outlet for their sexual awakening, but it was also seen as a rite of passage and established a stricter pecking order within each division. This type of behavior occurred most often in Hitlers KLV camps. These camps moved lower class Hitler youth out of the city during air raids and into the country, where they lived and breathed Nazi ideology. However, there is not much information on these camps, besides what you can find in personal memoirs, because the Nazis wished to keep the brutalities that these boys experienced secret and all the boys wanted to do was forget about them and move on. So, boys had been taught to be as brutal as possible and to always pick on weaker people, even those within the Nazi party.
The girls on the other hand were taught how to be perfect German mothers. Many girls quickly joined the ranks of the BDM because it allowed them to escape from their oppressive home lives. In fact, many girls joined the youth group as an act of rebellion against their parents. The girls had similar camps to those of the HJ. The girls practiced paramilitary training, went on marches and outings, but the focus of the camp was on how to raise children and become more domestic. Young women learned the basics of domestic life and child rearing skills. They were also taught that their bodies were no longer private, but that it belonged to the national cause. As a result, there was a strong emphasis placed on physical fitness. Girls were taught at an early age that their place in society was to raise children and keep homes. This followed Hitlers plans for older women. He actually set up schools for young girls and older women to attend which taught them how to take care of children and keep the house in an orderly fashion.
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Even though Hitlers program for women focused on domesticity, the girls still wished to join. Some of the reasons why girls wanted to join the BDM were that it gave them a feeling that they were a part of the national cause, and had some independence from their parents. Hitler was able to instill such national pride in his BDM girls that they become extremely enthusiastic towards the Nazi cause. Young women wrote love letters to Hitler, offering to have his child. The girls believed that Hitler was the epitome of the German man and wished to bring children just like him into the world. Young women worshipped him as a God-like figure, much like young girls worship movie stars today. Girls also gave their bodies up to SS officers in order to become impregnated and also wrote letters to them during the war, in order to raise their morale. Young women were willing to do anything in order to keep the Nazi cause alive.
Despite Hitlers efforts to keep the BDM inferior to the HJ, once the war began he was forced to call on the women within Germany to take over their jobs to keep the country running. The BDM girls worked in armament factories, worked on farms for months at a time, helped farm women to care for their children, accompanied Jews on the railways to concentration camps, and some even fired anti-aircraft weapons during the war. So even though there were differences which existed between the HJ and the BDM once the war began the differences had to be overlooked for the good of the cause. However, the education in both camps was very similar. Both groups were brainwashed with Nazi ideology. They were taught about the superior race and the highly inferior race. At a very early they learned to hate. In addition, it also taught them to believe that they were better than everyone else. The Hitler youth movement gave young adults an extreme amount of power, which they abused. They were encouraged to turn in their parents for treason. They became unruly and beat people on the street who did not agree with Nazi policies. Worst of all they turned on their friends and family without batting an eye.
Although Hitlers youth movement was popular, several resistance groups formed as an alternative to the Hitler Youth. One of these groups was the Edelweiss pirates. They combined both boys and girls and placed them in the same group, which Hitler did not agree with since it put boys and girls on equal ground. They went on outings together and experimented with sex. They also changed the song lyrics of the HJ marching songs to turn them into songs of protest. They openly defied Hitler by writing graffiti on walls on buildings that read Down with Hitler. They also came up with their own style of dress which went against the rules of fashion which Hitler had put into place. They were able to taunt the HJ and actually physically beat on the Youth patrols late at night. They ultimately offered an alternative to Hitlers youth movement which openly defied Nazi policy. In November of 144, the ringleaders of the Cologne Edelweiss Pirates were publicly hanged in order to show other dissenting youth that their open defiance of Hitler would not be tolerated. Despite these efforts, the group continued to thrive.
The final two groups in direct resistance to Hitler were the White Rose Group and the Swing Kids. The White Rose Groups members comprised mostly university students who distributed pamphlets going against Nazi policy, and to expose Hitler for the madman that he truly was. The head of this group was a young woman named Sophie Zohl, who ironically was a former member of the BDM. She knew first hand the horrors of Nazi ideology and for that she was publicly executed for going against the Fuher. The Swing Kids were mostly comprised of upper middle class young adults, who could afford the European way of dress. Their resistance to Hitlers policy was non-violent. They were looked down upon by the Nazi party because their swing clubs were open to Jews to join. In addition their dancing was sexual in nature. The way that the Swing girls dressed showed off their bodies and made them sexual objects, which Hitler tried to discourage within the Third Reich. Two young men could be dancing together at any given point, which the Gestapo believed promoted homosexual activity. The group was basically out to have a good time listening to American Jazz music, but this was frowned upon because it allowed the young adults to think freely and resist the cause. Young adults joined all resistance movements as a way to be an individual and to avoid being a part of Hitlers grand scheme.
The youth movement and the womens movement can be paralleled to one another because both groups were seen as inferior to grown men in Hitlers Germany. They were called upon to do their national duty, but Hitler never dreamed that they would play such a significant role in realizing his plans. He was forced to call upon their services because of the onslaught of the war. It is safe to say that without these two groups Hitler never would have been able to almost fully realize his plans for Germany. One must remember this and never overlook the tasks that these people were forced to accomplish during Hitlers reign.
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