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Jimmy Carter was born and grew up in the tiny, southwest Georgia town of Plains. Jimmy Carter’s roots in Georgia were strong and deep. His family had originated in Virginia with the arrival in 167 of Thomas Carter. Like other colonists, the Carter family spread out, some settling in eastern North Carolina, and others going farther south. Two hundred years ago, Jimmy Carter’s ancestor Kindred Carter arrived in Georgia. There he stayed, having found what he had been looking for-good, rich soil and lush forests that could be easily cleared, planted, and tilled. When Kindred Carter died in 1800, he left his family three hundred acres suitable for growing cotton and wheat and for raising horses, cattle, mules, and pigs.
Farming was the work of the Carter family for generations. As the Carter sons grew to manhood, they branched into other Georgia counties where they bought more land and raised families of their own. Although the civil war temporarily interrupted their prosperity, in time they rebuilt their holdings. The Carters, after all, were known to be very hard workers.
Life for Lillian and Earl Carter, Jimmy Carter’s parents, was worlds apart from the way most families live today. Like most southerners then, they had no electricity and no plumbing. On frigid winter nights, Jimmy would fall asleep snuggled against warm bricks that had been heated on the stove, wrapped, and carried to his bed.
“We weren’t rich, but we weren’t poor,” Jimmy’s mother Lillian said, “We lived very, very well in terms of having what we wanted.” (Smith, P14)
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In 1, the year his second sister, Ruth, was born, Jimmy became a pint-sized, five-year-old entrepreneur. Every morning he would get up at dawn. Jimmy Carter would be barefoot and shirtless, and would pull his little wagon out to the peanut fields, tug at the peanuts till they were on the ground, shake the dirt off their veins, then pile them into his wagon. Back home, he would then pull the nuts from the vines, wash them, and soak them overnight.
The next morning he would build a fire in the backyard and boil his peanuts in a black pot over the fire. When that was done, he would carefully measure out half a pound of peanuts to put in each of twenty bags. After breakfast he would gather up the bags and set out on foot for Plains. At Plains, Jimmy Carter would sell each bag for five cents. He would usually earn a dollar a day.
Years later, after high school, Jimmy wanted to attend the U.S. Naval Academy. He was unable to get an appointment and had to wait until one year later. Meaning, he would have to go to another college first. To Jimmy the delay seemed interminable. By then the United States had entered into World War II and he longed to be among the elite corps of future naval officers training at Annapolis to fight in it.
When Jimmy Carter finally made it to Annapolis he spent his first year completely miserable and homesick. Others called him “Plebe”. Plebes were considered to be the lowest form of human life, they were subjected to a nonstop barrage of hazing, humiliation, and insults from upperclassman. Because of his southwest Georgia accent, he was constantly teased about being a hillbilly or a hick from the sticks or a hayseed. Despite everything, he was determind to make it through.
As years went on he continued his education and married a lady named Rosalynn. He met Rosalynn through his sister. Rosalynn was there years younger than Jimmy, and he would oftentimes see her at his house with his sister. Jimmy Carter always dismissed her as “an insignificant little girl.” It wasn’t until he came home for a visit and saw her, and realized how things changed.
Right after the wedding Jimmy was assigned to the United States Navy. The year 146 was a difficult time to begin a career as a young officer in the United States Navy. World War II had just ended and the country was enjoying peace at last. The postwar navy was in poor shape, having less than half its wartime manpower. Additionally, more than two thousand ships had been and another seven thousand declared surplus.
As years went on, he continued his survice in the Navy, and also he and Rosalyn had three boys. When he returned home from his survice in the Navy, he put forth all the money he and Rosalyn saved towards buying farm equiptment. Jimmy Carter looked forward to farming with his family, and enjoying life with them and perhaps going back to the Navy on occasions. Jimmy Carter had no idea what was in store for him.
In the first year, there was a huge drought in Plains and business was not good at all. The income made for Jimmy Carter was below $00.00 that year. They were forced to move into a government housing project for which they qualified because of their low income. Rosalyn kept to herself, she was very unhappy, and wanted more for the family.
Within a year tons of peanuts came pouring into Jimmy’s warehouse to be weighed, evaluated, and stored or shipped out of town and turned into a variety of peanut products. With more income, the family rented a big house outside of Plains.
Like his father, Jimmy Carter also contributed his time to a long list of civic organizations. He became director of the county chamber of commerce, a member of the library board, the hospital authority, and the county school board. As project chairman of the Lions Club, he helped organize everyone in Plains to get together to improve the town. First the streets were paved, then people painted their houses, finally enough money was raised at bake sales and town picnics to build a community swimming pool.
It was not long at all before Jimmy’s civic responsibilites had expanded beyond Plains and Sumter County. Each new job made him a little better known as a valued volunteer leader. He helped organize a seven-county planning commission; he became president of the Georgia Crop Association; he was selected state chairman for the March of Dimes. He also rose to the very top position in the Lions Club, becoming chairman of the state’s district governors.
At this time segregation and racism began to be a big issue in America. Whites did not want to have to go to the same schools with blacks, and they didn’t feel that they should be equal. On the other hand, Jimmy disagreed and was the only white man in Plaines that did not join the White Citizens Council. On the morning of his thirty-eight birthday, Jimmy Carter arose from his sleep and told his wife that he had decided to run for the Georgia State Senate.
Jimmy Carters entry into the world of politics was a eye-opener. With only two weeks before the primary, Jiimmy, Rosalyn, Jimmys sister Ruth, and several close friends mounted what the candidate later affectionately called “an amateurish, whirlwind campaign.” (Smith, 46) While Rosalyn tended the wharehouse, Jimmy took the road, visiting every village in every county, shaking thousands of hands, working much harder than his opponent. Rosalynn and others spent their spare time phoning and writing to hundreds of names on the voting lists.
Leaving nothing to chance, Jimmy Carter spent primary day going from one county polling place to the next to greet voters. When he got to Quitman County, he could hardly believe what he saw. Instead of the usual polling booths, all the voters were marketing their ballots in public while the county boss, Joe Hurst, looked on. Jimmy strongly protested, but no one paid any attention to him. Clearly this was the way Joe Hurst had always run elections in this county and he wanted to continue to run them this way.
That night, after the vote had come in from every county except Quitman, Jimmy was leading. Then the Quitman vote came in. Although only 0 people had been recorded as having voted, 40 votes were tabulated-enough to carry Jimmy’s opponent to victory. Jimmy instantly challanged the results.
In the six weeks remaining before the general election there were court hearings, appeals, and counterappeals. At first no one could find the Quitman county ballot box. Finally it was discovered under the bed of Joe Hurst’s daughter. But when it was opened in court and neither the voting list nor any of the ballots were in it, a neutral judge declared Jimmy the winner of the primary. But then the local Democratic Executive Committee, controled by Joe Hurst, stepped in and overturned the judge’s decision.
The election mess in southwest Georgia by then had attracted statewide attention. One of Atlanta’s most prominent lawyers, Charles Kirbo, persuaded Georgia’s secretary of state to issue a last minute order that Jimmy’s name be substituted for his opponents on the election ballots. Eventually Jimmy had won the seat for state senator by 851 votes.
As soon as Jimmy left for the legislative session in Atlanta in early 16, Rosalynn got a message from Joe Hurst that said that the last time he had been crossed, the person’s liquor store had been burned down. Legislative sessions lasted about two and a half months each year in Atlanta. All the time Jimmy was away that first year, Rosalyn lived in terror. Rosalyn was afraid that their wharehouses and home would be burnt down. Afraid to leave the boys in the house alone, she would have them meet her at the warehouse after school. When they all got home, she would check under every bed just to make sure that no one was hiding. When it was time for bed she left the porch and hall lights on and had baracaded the doors with chairs. Fortunately, nothing ever happened.
He served a few years, and when it came time to be re-elected he lost, by a lot. Jimmy Carter became depressed and ended up in debt and lost twenty pounds within a short time. After research he realized that Georgians voted for the other two candidates just to knock each of them out.
In late 16, after it had become clear that Carl Sanders was his strongest competitor, Jimmy commissioned a poll to determine his standings. The poll indicated that both Sanders and Carter were seen as liberals. It also indicated; however, that voters knew Sanders better and were familiar with his political views. This was seen as an asset for Jimmy because, by emphasizing his moderate conservatism in relation to that of Sanders, he could play to the majority voters’ bent towards conservatism.
Jimmy formally announced his second candidacy for governor on April , 170. His platform was a model of political blandness, including promises to “serve all Georgians, not just a powerful few,” “to make appointments on the basis of qualifications for the job and never for political expediency” and “to strengthen local government and return the control of all aspects of government to the people.” (Smith, 55)
Jimmy’s new image had its rewards. Georgia’s most conservative political leaders began falling in behind him, figuring that he was more to their liking than the liberal Carl Sanders. The primary ended in a runoff between Sanders and Carter. Jimmy won the roundoff and then went on to beat his Republican opponent, Hal Suit, in the general election. On November , 170 Jimmy Carter became the governor-elect of Georgia.
When Jimmy Carter became the sixty-seventh governor of Georgia in January 17, he gave an inagural speech that was only nine minutes long. His speech surprised just about everyone. As he spoke, the faces of the die-hard segregationists who had supported his candidacy turned from puzzelment to outright dismay. “I realize that the test of a man is not how well he campaigned,” Jimmy began, “At the end of a long campaign, I believe I know our people as well as anyone. Based on this knowledge of Georgians-north and south, rural and urban, liberal and conservative-I say to you quite frankly that the time for racial discrimination is over.” (Smith, 57)
The day after he was inaugurated, his speech was front page news in the New York Times. A few weeks later his face beamed from the cover of Time magazine. Suddenly he had become one of the South’s hopeful new voices, a symbol for an entire region that was changing.
Jimmy was a hardworking, effective, and innovative governor. The primary and immense task that he set for himself was reorganizing the state government, something that had not been done since the 10’s. He assembled a team of a hundred people from Georgia’s largest businessses to study the maze of state agencies, bureaus, and commissions and to recommend ways to make the government work more efficiently and economically.
By 17, only two years after becoming governor, it was clear that the place Jimmy wanted to go to next was the White House. At first it was thought that the best time for Jimmy to announce his 176 presidential candidacy would be in mid-175. But in August 174 President Nixon resigned presidency under-pressure and Jerry Ford became president. The day after Nixon’s resignation, Jimmy telephoned Morris Dees, a millionaire who had been a remarkable success raising funds for George McGovern’s 17 presidential campaign. When Jimmy asked Dees to raise funds for him, Dees agreed.
Finally on December 1, 174 Jimmy stood before more than ,000 well-wishers, including Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin. Live television carried Carter’s words to his fellow Georgians
“As of this time here, in the stae that I love, surrounded by friends of mine from all over the nation-in face even from the moon-I want to announce that I am a candidate for the Presidency of the United States.” (Schram,6)
For all his memos, for all his planning, for all his maneuvering, Jimmy Carter still had two basic problems when he set out in 175 on his presidential campaign. Not many people knew who he was. Not many people even cared. Philadelphia, Carter scheduled a press conference in s downtown hotel and nobody showed up excpet the candidate and his press secretary, Jody Powell.
In each state, Carter and his aides set about to try and establish some sort of orgnanization, building as often as possible on contacts Carter had made in the past-including some from his work as the party’s 174 campaign chairman. Carter stuck to a schedule that eventually took him to forty-six states and the District of Columbia in 175. But that is not to say things steadily improved for the Georgian as he set about the business of getting nationally known.
“By Midsummer,” Carter’s press secretary and traveling aide Jody Powell recalls, “in every state we’d go into, some of Jimmy’s supporters would pull me aside and say ‘When are you going to get him on “Meet the Press” or “Face the Nation”?’ (Schram, 6)
In 175 Carter was doing more than just worrying about local press coverage. One glaring weakness in the presidential candidacy of the ex-Georgia governor was that he had no experience in foreign affairs-certainly nothing that could be compared favorably with the many men of Washington who had their eye on the White House. That was one reason why he seized on an opportunity in May to go to Japan as a member of a trilateral commission composed of North American, European, and Japanese representatives of government and the academic communities.
While in Japan, Carter met with the prime minister Tanaka, the future prime minister (Miki), and the past prime minister (Sato). And with his eye on future relationships, he also contacted various American reporters based in Tokyo at the time and arranged to meet with them for drinks and conversation. Some of the reporters wondered at the time what the sense was of spending time talking with a former governor of Georgia. While Jimmy Carter was spending 175 trying to get national recognition, six of his rivals were trying to eliminate each other.
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