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Justice vs. Injustice
Book II of Plato’s Republic explores the concept of justice. One ethical assumption of Plato’s Republic is the following True freedom is primarily internal, rather than external; it is freedom from the non-rational patterns, not “doing whatever one pleases.” This assumption is related to Plato’s argument that the more an individual’s desires and wants are controlled by reason, the better of that person is. Plato’s argument is logical and supported by the ethical assumption above. It is important that Plato establishes his argument on justice to prove that true freedom is external. Justice will then become the basis for the state that he creates in the Republic.
There are two important questions pertaining to justice that Plato explores in Book II of the Republic. The first one is whether the individual is born naturally just or unjust. Glaucon uses the story of the Ring of Gyges to show that external forces such as wants can influence even a just person. He says that it is obvious that even a completely just person, if given the power to be invisible, would take advantage of this power and therefore follow an unjust path by doing “whatever one” pleased. This is a reasonable assumption. If an individual could take anything he wanted and not ever get caught, then it would be natural to steal from another. I would have to assume that if even a just person can fall to these external temptations than we are all born unjust. There is another point that is made from the Ring of Gyges. If one could get the goods both ways; that is being just or being unjust, then why would any rational person choose justice? It is important to look at the nature of the human self to deal with this question. This is a topic that Glaucon and Socrates spend a lot of time exploring. It seems that is would be very irrational to choose a harder path of being good if one is awarded the same things in the end whether they choose justice or not. Choosing the unjust path is not being controlled by reason, but instead is being controlled by wants and desires which leads to an existence without true freedom. If one wanted to achieve true freedom, they would need to choose the just path whether blessed with the invisibility of the Ring of Gyges or not. This choice would only come if the nature of the human self were to always be guided by reason. Therefore, the argument that true freedom is internal rather than external is true.
The second question that Book II explores is whether it is more beneficial to live a life of justice or injustice. This discussion leads to a two hypothetical people; one who is completely just and one is completely unjust. The unjust one is in actuality unjust but is given a front of justice and needs to maintain that front. The just person doesn’t only want to seem just; he wants to be actually good and just but instead is believed to be unjust. The comparison of these two types of people helps Glaucon and Socrates to decide which is happier. They compare the happier life to one of pleasure and decide that they are two different things. A life of happiness comes from being controlled by reason and therefore would make a person leading this life just and good. A life of pleasure controlled by desires and only seems good but is in reality unjust. Therefore the just one controlled by reason will then benefit more. Glaucon makes the argument that those who act unjustly will in turn have more wealth, honor, and a better life as long as they keep a reputation of being just. This is because the wealthy will be able to sacrifice more and honor the gods better than one who is poor and weak. “But they tell me that an unjust person, who has secured for himself a reputation of justice, lives the life of a god.” (Book II, 65b) Socrates agrees with this point, but still argues that a life of justice is more profitable. In class, we discussed how in the Crito, Socrates refuses to escape from jail because he would rather act justly then give in to a desire to escape. Though Socrates died and never was physically free, he achieved true freedom by following justice and not giving in to external desires. He chose to follow a just path which proves his argument that freedom is achieved internally and not by “doing whatever one pleases”.
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It takes Plato the rest of the Republic to define justice as a virtue that must first be established through the state and then this will filter down to the individual. Book II uses several example to demonstrate how people are born unjust but must choose the path of justice so that they can be truly free.
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